Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
type: channel
description: Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (ISSN: 3006-0877) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality research in the fields of pure and applied sciences. Published biannually (two issues per year), the journal serves as a platform for researchers, scientists, and academics to share innovative findings and advancements in disciplines such as: Physical Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Earth Sciences) Biological Sciences (Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry) Mathematics & Statistics Environmental Sciences Computer Science & Information Technology Engineering & Technology (where applicable) Journal Mission The journal aims to promote scientific knowledge by publishing original research articles, reviews, and short communications that contribute to theoretical and practical developments in pure and applied sciences. It upholds rigorous peer-review standards to ensure the validity, significance, and originality of published work. Key Features Open Access: All articles are freely available to readers worldwide, ensuring broad dissemination of knowledge. Peer-Reviewed: Manuscripts undergo a double-blind review process by experts in the relevant fields. ISSN: Online ISSN 3006-0877 Frequency: Two issues per year (biannual). Indexing & Archiving: The journal is committed to being indexed in reputable databases to enhance visibility and impact. Article Processing Charge (Authors' Fees) This journal charges no authors' fees Article Submission Charge: 0.0 LD Article Processing Charge (APC): 0.0 LD WAUJPAS is run on a non-profit basis. Wadi Alshatti University covers 100% of the expenses of publishing Publisher The journal is published by Wadi Alshatti University, supporting the institution’s commitment to advancing scientific research and education in Libya and beyond. For inquiries, please contact the Editorial Office at [inf.wuj@wau.edu.ly].
publisher: جامعة وادي الشاطئ
language: en
publication name: Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
issn: 3006-0877
copyright: This journal uses Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommerical 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Copyright of articles Authors retain copyright of their articles published in this journal.
items: Nuclear Plants Trends for Development Planning in Egypt
items: https://waujpas.com/index.php/journal/article/view/332
items: Hybrid Matrix-Ensemble Framework for Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis
items: Leveraging Hydrogen for Covering Energy Shortage in an Electricity Subgrid
items: The Role of Using Computer Applications in the Development of Media Work
items: Histological Effects of Ziziphus spina-christi Leaf Extract on Testes and Epididymides in Male Rabbits
items: Modeling A 600 MW Floating Photovoltaic System in Al-Khums city, Libya: Performance Analysis and Implementation Using PVSyst
items: Comparative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Coffee Prepared by American and Arabic Brewing Methods
items: Modelling and Stability Analysis of (TIV) System Using Lyapunov Function
items: Energy and Exergy Analysis of an Al-Hussein Steam Power Plant in Jordan Using Engineering Equation Solver (EES)
items: Wheat Fungal Diseases: A Review
items: Techno-Economic Feasibility of Parabolic Trough Solar Steam for Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery
items: Study of Superficial Fungal Infections among Diabetes Patients at Diabetic Center in Zliten City-Libya
items: Effect of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) on Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete
items: Thermal Comfort of Buildings Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
items: Effectiveness of Common Washing Methods in Eliminating Ascaris lumbricoides Contamination from Fresh Vegetables Collected from Farms in Brack Alshatti
items: Impact of Dielectric Substrate Material on the Performance of Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs), V-Band
items: Harmonic Distortion in Three-Phase Networks Using a 24-Pulse STATCOM: Modeling, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation
items: A New Approach for Low-Latency, High-Accuracy Anomaly Detection at the Edge: Benchmarking Quantized Autoencoders, LSTMs, and Lightweight Transformers on RT-IoT2022 Time-Series Traffic
items: Effect of Mn-Site Doping on the Magnetic Properties of the La2/3Sr1/3Mn1-xInxO3 Manganite Perovskite
items: Evaluation and Prediction Performance of Solar Panel and Wind Turbine Systems Using Simulation
items: Optimal Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy System (PV/Wind/PHS) Under Multiple Constraints of Connection to the Electricity Grid: A Case Study
items: Comparative Study on the Reproductive Biology of Mullus surmuletus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Mullus barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758) along the Benghazi Coast, Eastern Libya (Mediterranean Sea)
items: Association between Blood Glucose Levels and Biochemical Variables in COVID-19 Patients - A Cross-Sectional Study
items: Feasibility of Concentrating Solar Power as a Solar Fuel for Electrical Power Stations: A Case Study of Ubari Gas-Power Station in Libya
items: An IoT-Enabled, THD-Based Fault Detection and Predictive Maintenance Framework for Solar PV Systems in Harsh Climates: Integrating DFT and Machine Learning for Enhanced Performance and Resilience
items: Assessment of Flexural and Impact Strengths in Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Resin Reinforced with Short E-glass Fiber
items: Numerical Simulation of 2D Axisymmetric Flow Within Pressure swirl atomizer using InterFoam
items: Studying the Effect of Using Local Porous Volcanic Aggregate on the Compressive Strength of Concrete
items: Design and Analysis of PV Solar Street Lighting systems in Remote Areas: A Case Study

Nuclear Plants Trends for Development Planning in Egypt
type: item
description: Fossil fuel combustion is blamed for global climate change and associated greenhouse gases (GHG) are the main types of pollution created by GHG emissions from combustion (i.e., CO2) and as such an ever-increasing level of CO2 emissions make GHG, their pollutants and the complications of climate change awareness more significantly urgent. There is significant concern from policymakers concerning, fuel consumption, energy security and the challenges of GHG emissions created by fossil fuel consumption has created a focus on alternative, cleaner sources of energy both from public policy analysis and political perspectives. As such, clean sources of energy (i.e., nuclear and renewable sources of energy) are being promoted as alternative sources of energy and provide effective tools for mitigating the negative impacts of climate change and are being used as part of a new energy policy strategy. There has also been much discussion among various countries with regard to the need for increasing share of energy supply from nuclear energy, thereby diversifying the energy supply chain, decreasing reliance on imported fossil fuels that may be subject to significant price volatility and improving energy security. The present work will contribute to knowledge development and interface towards improving the power generation infrastructure of nuclear energy in Egypt through a study of the relationship of nuclear energy, the economy and CO2 emissions using the experience from other developed countries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nuclear projects
  topic: keywords
subject: Investment costs
  topic: keywords
subject: Electricity generation
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: Egypt
  topic: keywords
creator: Abeer Youssef
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-06
publication date: 2026-03-06
starting page: 277
ending page: 286
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_29

https://waujpas.com/index.php/journal/article/view/332
type: item
title: The Most Prominent Manifestations of Illness in COVID-19 Patients and Their Relationship to the Severity of Disease and Mortality in one of Isolation and Intensive Care Centers in North Western of Libya
description: As SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly across continents giving rise to the COVID-19 pandemic; scientists have worked intensively to understand the virus built, behavior and Response to vaccination and treatment. This descriptive-analytical study aimed: to assess the impact of predisposing risk factors, specifically age and chronic diseases, on predicting the extent of health deterioration and increased likelihood of mortality in COVID-19 patients. Methods: In this study, data from 100 treated patients were examined at one of Isolation and Intensive Care Centers in north western of Libya “Surman “.data were extracted from medical records using a data collection form, and patients were classified according to the WHO's clinical assessment criteria, reported risk factors and laboratory indicators. Most patients were men 66% with an average age of 68 years. Common conditions included diabetes 34%, hypertension 28%, and other comorbidities 24%. 11% of cases were classified as mild, 40% as moderate, and nearly 49% as severe. Significantly, many patients 89%, required intensive care with a survival rate of 69% and a mortality rate of 31%. Results: Disease severity was significantly associated with specific biomarker profiles at admission, characterized by decreased oxygen saturation 85.47% and elevated levels of CRP (118.5 mg/L) and D-dimer (1.86 µg/mL). Moreover, CRP and D-dimer levels showed a direct positive correlation with infection severity. Recommendations: the need to strengthen community compliance with preventive measures and activate early medical intervention mechanisms as soon as clinical symptoms appear to reduce the risk of morbidity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: D-dimer
  topic: keywords
subject: CRP
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes
  topic: keywords
subject: High blood pressure
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Najwa Alnajih
creator: Rasha Alkarshody
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-05
publication date: 2026-03-05
starting page: 287
ending page: 293
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_30

Hybrid Matrix-Ensemble Framework for Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis
type: item
description: This study introduces a novel Hybrid Machine Learning and Mathematical Matrix Framework (HML-MMF) for optimizing the early detection of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), addressing critical limitations of conventional machine learning approaches, namely, poor interpretability, overfitting, and instability in clinical settings. The proposed framework uniquely integrates matrix algebra techniques, including column-wise mean imputation, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Fisher Discriminant Analysis (FDA), and Min-Max normalization, with an ensemble of three classifiers: Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). Applied to the UCI CKD dataset (400+ patients, 24 clinical features), the HML-MMF pipeline transforms raw clinical data into a mathematically structured, low-dimensional representation that enhances class separability while preserving physiological meaning. The final diagnosis is derived through soft voting, ensuring robustness and generalizability. Experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid model achieves 96.2% accuracy, 96.0% precision, 95.5% recall, 95.7% F1-score, and an AUC-ROC of 0.973, significantly outperforming both GBM-only (AUC = 0.942) and Matrix + SVM (AUC = 0.955) baselines. The scientific novelty lies in the synergistic fusion of interpretable matrix operations with ensemble learning, not as sequential steps, but as a unified architecture where mathematical transformations actively guide model optimization. This approach not only boosts performance but also provides clinical transparency, enabling practitioners to trace predictions back to key biomarkers like serum creatinine and BUN, which eigenvalue analysis confirms as dominant contributors. In the medical domain, this work offers a reliable, explainable decision-support tool that minimizes false negatives a critical requirement in CKD screening. Via bridging rigorous linear algebra with modern ML, the HML-MMF sets a new standard for trust…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kidney disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematical matrices
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid framework
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical decision support
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatma Elghaffi
creator: Othman Mohammed
creator: Llahm Dalla
creator: Abdussalam Ahmed
creator: Almhdie Agila
creator: Mohamed EL-Sseid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-04
publication date: 2026-03-04
starting page: 264
ending page: 276
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_28

Leveraging Hydrogen for Covering Energy Shortage in an Electricity Subgrid
type: item
description: This study explores a sustainable solution for addressing the electricity supply-demand imbalance in Brack Ashatti by utilizing excess electricity during off-peak hours for hydrogen production through electrolysis, and subsequently employing fuel cells to generate electricity during peak periods. The research evaluates the feasibility of using a hydrogen-based system to stabilize the national grid without the need for additional power generation units. Based on the calculations, the electrolyzer can produce up to 271.8 cubic meters of hydrogen per hour, requiring approximately 9.1 MW of electricity, which is sufficient to cover the network's 6.1 MW energy deficit during off-peak hours. With a hydrogen storage capacity of 421,255 cubic meters, this system can store hydrogen for later use in fuel cells to meet the 1689 MW deficit in the national grid during peak times. The results indicate that by optimizing hydrogen production through electrolysis and utilizing fuel cells for electricity generation, the proposed system can provide 8,424 MW of power, effectively covering the network’s deficit. This method not only resolves the supply-demand gap but also proves to be a cost-effective and efficient solution for achieving grid stability, without requiring additional power plants.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electricity
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydrogen
  topic: keywords
subject: Fuel-Cell
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Abduallah Abduallah
creator: Yasser Nassar
creator: Massoud Fakher
creator: Elsadic Salim
creator: Ibrahim Latiwash
creator: Suliman Ahmad
creator: Mukhtar Irhoma
creator: Muetaz Mohammed
creator: Hala El-Khozondar
creator: Ibrahim Imbayah
creator: Monaem Elmnifi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 245
ending page: 254
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_26

The Role of Using Computer Applications in the Development of Media Work
type: item
description: Media work in its various fields faces challenges that hinder the optimal use of computer applications. These challenges vary between technical, human, and economic factors. Overcoming them requires a strategic vision that includes developing infrastructure, investing in training and capacity building, and establishing clear legal and ethical frameworks for the use of computer applications in the development of media work. This study highlights the role of computer applications in developing media work and their importance in improving news transmission methods, accelerating data collection and analysis, and enhancing the quality and accuracy of media content. This, in turn, increases the efficiency of media professionals and contributes to the development of media institutions. A descriptive methodology was adopted in this study. The study aims to clarify the role of using computer applications in media as one of the most influential tools in modern societies, to review the most prominent of these applications for those interested in media work—whether media professionals or officials in institutions concerned with the media sector—and to draw attention to their importance in developing media work, facilitating tasks, and accelerating processes, as well as to explain the challenges associated with employing these computer applications in the media field. The study concludes that the use of computer applications in media work represents an effective solution to the challenges facing the media sector, and that these applications can be used to improve marketing strategies, enhance content quality, and reach a wider audience. However, this requires the development of appropriate policies and tools to mitigate the challenges associated with their use.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Computer applications
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital media
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Data analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Media fields
  topic: keywords
creator: Saleh Saleh
creator: Abd Alfattah Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 255
ending page: 262
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_27

Histological Effects of Ziziphus spina-christi Leaf Extract on Testes and Epididymides in Male Rabbits
type: item
description: The widespread use of medicinal plants in traditional therapy has raised concerns regarding their long-term safety, particularly with respect to reproductive function. Ziziphus spina-christi (ZSC) is commonly utilized for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities; however, limited data are available concerning its possible impact on male reproductive organs. This study was conducted to investigate the histopathological effects of prolonged oral administration of ZSC leaf extract on the testes and epididymides of adult male rabbits. Animals were divided into two groups: a control group receiving distilled water and a treated group administered ZSC leaf extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight daily for six weeks. At the end of the experimental period, testicular and epididymal tissues were harvested and processed for routine microscopic examination. Tissue changes were evaluated descriptively and graded using a semi-quantitative scoring method. Histological analysis revealed marked structural alterations in the reproductive tissues of treated animals compared with controls. Testicular sections demonstrated degeneration of seminiferous tubules, decreased spermatogenic cell layers, thinning of the germinal epithelium, and vascular congestion. In the epididymis, reduced sperm density, epithelial degeneration, luminal debris, and thickening of connective tissue were observed. These findings indicate that prolonged administration of ZSC leaf extract may adversely influence the histological architecture of male reproductive organs. Further studies are warranted to clarify its reproductive safety and underlying mechanisms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ziziphus spina-christi
  topic: keywords
subject: Male reproduction
  topic: keywords
subject: Testis
  topic: keywords
subject: Epididymis
  topic: keywords
subject: Histopathology
  topic: keywords
subject: Rabbits
  topic: keywords
creator: Asma Ahmed
creator: Sana Mohammed
creator: Eda Alshailabi
creator: Fayrouz Khaled
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
starting page: 238
ending page: 244
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_25

Modeling A 600 MW Floating Photovoltaic System in Al-Khums city, Libya: Performance Analysis and Implementation Using PVSyst
type: item
description: This research presents an analysis of a 600 MW AC floating PV system to be installed in Al-Khoms, Libya. The system was simulated using PVsyst version 7.4 software with the transposition method based on the HDKR method using weather data from Meteonorm version 8.1 and Solargis weather data sources. The simulation results show that the system will have an annual AC energy production of 1,346 GWh/year, a system performance ratio of 81.7%, and a specific energy production ranging from 1,850 to 2,050 kWh/kWp/year with a capacity factor of 25.6%. The FPV system will have a bifacial rear irradiance gain of 3.0 to 4.5% and will conserve 1.25 million cubic meters of surface water per year, equivalent to a monetary value of €250,000 to €625,000 per year. Total investment required for the project falls in the range of €480 to €540 million, amounting to €0.80 to €0.90 per watt-peak (Wp) of direct current, and results in a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of €0.055 to €0.065 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) over a period of 25 years and a discount rate of 5%. This is in line with the LCOE of conventional power plants in Libya, which stands in the range of €0.07 to €0.10/kWh. Upon inclusion of the social cost of carbon (SC_CO2 ~$70/tCO2), the environmentally adjusted LCOE stands in the range of €0.028 to €0.035/kWh. The results obtained prove the feasibility of utility-scale floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems in Libya.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Floating photovoltaic (FPV)
  topic: keywords
subject: PVsyst simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Grid integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim Imbayah
creator: Yasser Nassar
creator: Mohamed Khaleel
creator: Hala El-Khozondar
creator: Monaem Elmnifi
creator: Muetaz Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-26
publication date: 2026-02-26
starting page: 223
ending page: 237
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_24

Comparative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Coffee Prepared by American and Arabic Brewing Methods
type: item
description: Coffee’s high antioxidant ability is attributed to its abundance of minerals and bioactive substances including caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and other phenolic compounds. Phenolic molecules with high nutritional value, are decomposed by the high temperatures that coffee beans are exposed to in order to produce volatile aromatic chemicals, the concentration of this active compounds are affected by the type of preparation method. The aim of this study was comparing the difference between Arabic and American coffee preparing methods in term of phenolic compounds quantity among different twelve coffee brands collected from Libyan market. Folin–Ciocalteu assay was used in quantification of phenolic compounds in all samples. The results of this study show that the preparing method have significant role in determining the phenolic content of coffee. The Arabic preparation method, which involves boiling the water with coffee, resulted in a significant reduction in Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) compared to the American method for all samples. On average, the TPC of the all coffee samples with two different preparation methods arranged between 225.545 to 508.096 mg GAE /L. Generally, the findings show that the American preparing method is more effective in producing phenolic compounds, although the degree of this effect differs among coffee brands.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Coffee
  topic: keywords
subject: Phenolic compounds
  topic: keywords
subject: Folin-Ciocalteu
  topic: keywords
subject: Gallic acid
  topic: keywords
subject: Preparation methods
  topic: keywords
creator: Laila Benramadan
creator: Afaf Abozid
creator: Mohamed Alshintari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-25
publication date: 2026-02-25
starting page: 218
ending page: 222
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_23

Modelling and Stability Analysis of (TIV) System Using Lyapunov Function
type: item
description: Tumour Immune Virus (TIV) model is theoretically analysed based on a system of five nonlinear ordinary differential equations (NODEs). The model is divided into five compartmental classes: uninfected cancer cells , virus-infected cancer cells immune effector cells dead cells and free virus particles . The aim is to investigate the stability of the deterministic TIV model both analytically and numerically, utilising the Lyapunov function and the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF) method. For the deterministic model, five steady points are derived, and their local and global stability are investigated for the coexistence steady point; however, specific criteria were employed to confirm the existence and stability of these steady states. Also, numerical simulations were conducted to study the dynamic behaviour of the TIV system, whose findings offer more insights into the impact of oncolytic treatment on the immune response and contribute to the development of more effective strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Lyapunov function
  topic: keywords
subject: Linearization
  topic: keywords
subject: Stability analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Cancer model
  topic: keywords
subject: Oncolytic
  topic: keywords
creator: Ansaf Alfkhakhari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-24
publication date: 2026-02-24
starting page: 210
ending page: 217
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_22

Energy and Exergy Analysis of an Al-Hussein Steam Power Plant in Jordan Using Engineering Equation Solver (EES)
type: item
description: This study independently reproduces the energy and exergy analysis of the Al-Hussein steam power plant in Jordan using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) under the same operating conditions and reference environment (298.15 K, 101.3 kPa) reported in the original work. The reproduced thermodynamic properties and component energy balance show close agreement with the published results, confirming the robustness of the first-law analysis. In contrast, the exergy results reveal notable deviations in specific components: the condenser exergy destruction is calculated as 18.03 MW (vs 13.74 MW reported), yielding a markedly lower condenser exergy efficiency (3.40%), while LPH5 exhibits a higher exergy efficiency (82.34% vs 67.3%). The distribution of irreversibilities indicates that the boiler remains the dominant source of exergy destruction (74.55% of the total), followed by the turbine (12.83%) and condenser (11.13%), highlighting the boiler as the primary target for performance improvement. These findings demonstrate that independent computational reproduction can confirm energy results while revealing sensitivity of component-level exergy metrics to modelling assumptions, improving the reliability of exergy-based performance assessments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy and Exergy analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Steam power plant
  topic: keywords
subject: Engineering Equation Solver
  topic: keywords
subject: Exergy destruction
  topic: keywords
subject: Irreversibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Dead state
  topic: keywords
creator: Muetaz Mohammed
creator: Yousif Hamad
creator: Mohammed Hamdan
creator: Yasser Nassar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-22
publication date: 2026-02-22
starting page: 199
ending page: 209
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_21

Wheat Fungal Diseases: A Review
type: item
description: Wheat is a global dietary staple, supplying one of world’s grain production and serving as a primary source of carbohydrates, protein, as well as essential micronutrients. However, its productivity remains increasingly jeopardized via biotrophic fungal pathogens obligate parasites that severely compromise plant health and grain yield. This review critically examines four major diseases: (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) stem rust, (P. striiformis f. sp. tritici) stripe rust, (P. triticina) leaf rust, and (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) powdery mildew, which collectively threaten food security across diverse agroecosystems. Moreover, central to sustainable control is genetic resistance, which operates through two paradigms: race-specific (qualitative) as well as non-race-specific (quantitative or adult plant resistance). Furthermore, the novelty of this work lies in its integrative synthesis of global pathogen distribution, virulence evolution, for instance, Ug99 and TKTTF lineages), as well as the strategic deployment of resistance genes from landraces and wild relatives. In addition, this synthesis supports next-generation wheat improvement aimed at stabilizing yields under escalating disease pressure.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wheat rust
  topic: keywords
subject: Powdery mildew
  topic: keywords
subject: Strip rust
  topic: keywords
subject: Fungal resistance gene
  topic: keywords
creator: Ashraf Soliman
creator: Awatef Shlibak
creator: Nusret Zencirci
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-18
publication date: 2026-02-18
starting page: 191
ending page: 198
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_20

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Parabolic Trough Solar Steam for Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery
type: item
description: This study rigorously evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of parabolic-trough collector (PTC) for thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by benchmarking it against conventional diesel-fired boiler steam supply across geographically diverse thermal- OR fields. Site-specific direct normal irradiance data from NREL’s NSRDB are used to characterize the solar resource and size the collector aperture area. Techno-economic calculations and scenario evaluation are conducted using HOMER Pro, while the proposed PTC configuration includes thermal energy storage with an equivalent duration of 6 h/day and is assessed under a representative capacity factor of 0.6, reflecting partial coverage of steam-load demand. A harmonized levelized cost of energy (LCOE) framework is applied to both configurations under consistent financial assumptions to enable an apples-to-apples comparison. Results show that boiler-based LCOE is strongly driven by local diesel pricing and heat-duty requirements the Netherlands (NLD) exhibits the highest boiler LCOE, whereas Venezuela (VEN1) yields the lowest. A second Venezuelan case (VEN2) produces an anomalously high boiler LCOE around 4.5, attributable to an exceptionally large reported heat duty; it is therefore treated as an outlier with elevated uncertainty. PTC investment inputs are parameterized using NREL benchmark unit costs 24.375 SAR/kW installation, 712.5 SAR/m2 solar field, and 93.75 SAR/kWh thermal storage. Beyond cost competitiveness, solar steam substitution provides a credible pathway for fuel displacement and associated CO2 mitigation; reported solar-EOR deployments indicate annual CO2 reductions ranging from 104 to 636,720 tCO2/year, depending on plant scale.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Enhanced oil recovery
  topic: keywords
subject: Solar energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermal injection
  topic: keywords
subject: Techno-economic analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Steam generation
  topic: keywords
subject: Parabolic trough collector
  topic: keywords
creator: Muetaz Mohammed
creator: Eman Mohammed
creator: Rahma Elzer
creator: Yasser Nassar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-14
publication date: 2026-02-14
starting page: 184
ending page: 190
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_19

Study of Superficial Fungal Infections among Diabetes Patients at Diabetic Center in Zliten City-Libya
type: item
description: This cross-sectional study examined superficial fungal infections (SFIs) among 117 diabetic patients at Dermatology Outpatient Department of Zliten Diabetes Center. Samples were collected from skin, nails, hair, Oral mucosa, and interdigital areas. Fungal identification was performed using culture methods, microscopy, Wood’s lamp examination, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation. Positive fungal growth was detected in 105 samples (89.7%). Dermatophytes accounted for 53.3% of isolates, with Trichophyton violaceum (14.3%) and Trichophyton soudanense (11.4%) being the most common. Non-ermatophytes represented 46.7%, with Candida spp. (29.5%) as the predominant species, followed by Aspergillus (5.7%), Cladosporium (4.8%), Fusarium (4.8%), and Geotrichum (1.9%). The most commonly affected sites were nails (32.4%) and interdigital areas (33.3%). Statistically significant associations were observed between fungal type and age, HbA1c, Weight, diabetes type, site of infection,. No significant associations were observed with gender, diabetes duration. These findings highlight the impact of clinical and demographic factors among diabetic patients in Zliten.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Diabetes mellitus
  topic: keywords
subject: Superficial fungal infections
  topic: keywords
subject: Dermatophytes
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-dermatophytes
  topic: keywords
creator: Fariha Alhijjaji
creator: Salah Alsseleni
creator: Jamal Haider
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-14
publication date: 2026-02-14
starting page: 175
ending page: 182
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_18

Effect of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) on Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete
type: item
description: Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) offers clear advantages in constructability and enhanced durability; however, its widespread use is often limited by high cement content and reliance on imported supplementary cementitious materials, particularly in Libya. In this context, Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) has emerged as a promising alternative for regions with abundant local clay and limestone resources. This study investigates the feasibility of incorporating LC3, produced from locally available materials within the Libyan context, into SCC as a partial replacement of Portland cement at levels of 15%, 30%, and 45%. The experimental results demonstrate that LC3-based SCC satisfies the required acceptance criteria for rheological performance, despite a gradual reduction in flowability with increasing replacement levels. Mechanical testing indicates that a moderate LC3 replacement enhances early-age strength, while higher replacement levels achieve comparable or improved strength at later ages. Tensile-related properties show no adverse effect even at the highest replacement level when compared to the reference mix. Furthermore, the observed reduction in porosity and increase in ultrasonic pulse velocity confirm improved microstructural refinement, which supports the enhancement of mechanical performance. Overall, the results confirm the technical feasibility of using LC3 in self-compacting concrete (SCC) at replacement levels up to 45% with locally sourced materials, achieving performance comparable to or better than the conventional SCC reference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Self-compacting concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Limestone calcined clay cement
  topic: keywords
subject: Flowability
  topic: keywords
subject: Passing ability
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable concrete technology
  topic: keywords
creator: Saad Alferjani
creator: Masoud Altaif
creator: Abraik Sadaga
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-10
publication date: 2026-02-10
starting page: 165
ending page: 174
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_17

Thermal Comfort of Buildings Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
type: item
description: In today's modern world, the extensive use of glass façades in commercial buildings has an impact on the overall thermal comfort and energy consumption of these buildings, especially in regions where there is an energy shortage like Palestinian territories. The author is of the opinion that the use of BIPV systems will not only bring about the thermal comfort but also contribute to the overall energy efficiency of the commercial buildings. The work further cites the integration of photovoltaic cells in building skins and the related factors like heat transfer, thermal conductivity, and indoor thermal conditions are considered. The research signals the capabilities of double-skin and solar-integrated façades in cutting down the solar heat gain, cooling and heating load demands, and simultaneously providing on-site renewable energy. The emphasis is on Palestine, where the high solar radiation levels are in stark contrast to the political, economic, and infrastructural challenges in the energy sector. The paper integrates recent research on thermal comfort solutions, façade technologies, and photovoltaic integration, and shows that BIPV façades are a good option for energy consumption mediations and indoor environmental quality enhancement in commercial buildings. The results also clearly show that the installation of solar systems in the building envelop can be a great help in sustainable building design, energy security, and increased tenant comfort which in turn would support the transition to low and zero-energy buildings in Palestine and other similar climates.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Double skin façade
  topic: keywords
subject: Semi transparent photovoltaic
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermal comfort
  topic: keywords
subject: Glazing building
  topic: keywords
subject: BIPV
  topic: keywords
creator: Maher Al-Maghalseh
creator: Anagheem Hammad
creator: Mohammed Hamdan
creator: Eman Abdelhafez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-09
publication date: 2026-02-09
starting page: 146
ending page: 164
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_16

Effectiveness of Common Washing Methods in Eliminating Ascaris lumbricoides Contamination from Fresh Vegetables Collected from Farms in Brack Alshatti
type: item
description: Fresh vegetables provide important nutritional value for humans; however, they can become contaminated with enteric parasitic pathogens at various stages, from cultivation to consumption. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the contamination of Ascaris lumbricoides in fresh vegetables collected from farms in Brack Al-Shatti, Libya, and to determine the most effective method for removing Ascaris lumbricoides egg contamination from vegetables. A total of 70 fresh vegetable samples were randomly collected from vegetable farms in Brack Alshatti. The vegetables included green onion, lettuce, rocket, parsley, chard, carrot, and turnip. Different washing methods were applied, including 5% vinegar, 10% salt, and 20% lemon solutions, in addition to washing with tap water. Microscopic examination for the presence of A. lumbricoides eggs was performed using a direct wet mount technique. Overall contamination with A. lumbricoides was detected in 22.9% (16/70) of the vegetable samples. After washing with tap water, parasitic contamination was detected in 20.0% (14/70) of the samples. Washing with 10% salt reduced the contamination rate to 11.0% (8/70), while washing with 20% lemon reduced it to 4.3% (3/70). The lowest contamination rate was observed after washing with 5% vinegar, at 2.9% (2/70). The results showed persistent contamination with A. lumbricoides in turnip and lettuce when all washing methods were applied. After washing with 10% salt, no contamination was detected in green onion. Furthermore, no contamination was observed in green onion, carrot, rocket, parsley, or chard after washing with 5% vinegar or 20% lemon. These findings highlight vinegar as a superior washing agent, effectively eliminating parasitic contamination while offering a safe and broadly effective solution.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ascaris lumbricoides
  topic: keywords
subject: Fresh vegetables
  topic: keywords
subject: Elimination
  topic: keywords
subject: Effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Washing agents
  topic: keywords
creator: Shaheerah Alshareef
creator: Abdulkadir Bernawi
creator: Awatif Abdulsalam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shaheerah Alshareef , Abdulkadir Bernawi, Awatif Abdulsalam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-08
publication date: 2026-02-08
starting page: 141
ending page: 145
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_15

Impact of Dielectric Substrate Material on the Performance of Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs), V-Band
type: item
description: Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs) are pivotal components in modern communication systems due to their compact size and ease of fabrication; however, the shift toward the V-band necessitates designs that ensure high gain and efficiency despite challenges related to dielectric loss and narrow bandwidth. This paper analyzes the impact of substrate material properties—specifically dielectric constant and loss—on the performance of an MPA designed for a 55 GHz center frequency within the 50–60 GHz band. Using CST Microwave Studio, the antenna was simulated with uniform dimensions on three Rogers substrates of 0.127 mm thickness: RT/duroid 5880, RO3003, and RO4350B, evaluating gain, efficiency, reflection coefficient (S11), and bandwidth. Simulation results revealed distinct performance variations; the RT/duroid 5880 model (lowest permittivity) achieved the highest gain (6.16 dBi) and directivity (6.82 dBi), making it ideal for long-range applications, while the Rogers RO4350B recorded the highest radiation efficiency (89.6%). Conversely, the Rogers RO3003 model demonstrated the best impedance matching (S11 -19.8 dB) and the widest bandwidth (2.527 GHz). Consequently, the study concludes that optimal material selection depends on specific application priorities, recommending the RO3003 substrate as the premier choice for 5G applications requiring ultra-high data transfer rates due to its superior bandwidth performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: 5G Applications
  topic: keywords
subject: Dielectric constant
  topic: keywords
subject: Microstrip patch antenna (MPA)
  topic: keywords
subject: Millimeter wave (mm Wave)
  topic: keywords
subject: Substrate material
  topic: keywords
subject: V-Band
  topic: keywords
creator: Al-Zahraa Othman
creator: Wasaq Hassan
creator: Fatimah Ahmed
creator: Rasim Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-07
publication date: 2026-02-07
starting page: 131
ending page: 140
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_14

Harmonic Distortion in Three-Phase Networks Using a 24-Pulse STATCOM: Modeling, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation
type: item
description: Harmonic distortion is one of the most critical challenges affecting power quality in modern industrial networks, particularly under nonlinear loading and dynamic operating conditions. This paper presents the modelling and performance evaluation of a 24-pulse STATCOM designed to reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) in three-phase power systems. The proposed STATCOM structure is developed using four 6-pulse voltage source converters (VSCs) combined with Y–Y and Y–Δ phase-shifting transformers to achieve a 15° phase displacement, enabling natural cancellation of dominant harmonics such as the 5th and 7th orders. A detailed simulation model is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink, and system performance is evaluated under nonlinear loading conditions, including the starting of a 100-HP induction motor. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in power quality, with THD reduced to 1.52% compared to values ranging between 8–12% without compensation, alongside enhanced voltage stability at the point of common coupling (PCC) and minimized voltage sag during transient events. These findings confirm that the 24-pulse STATCOM provides an effective and economical solution for harmonic mitigation, representing a practical alternative to external filters and conventional 6- or 12-pulse compensation systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Harmonic distortion (THD)
  topic: keywords
subject: STATCOM
  topic: keywords
subject: 24-pulse converter
  topic: keywords
subject: Power quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Reactive power
  topic: keywords
subject: Three-Phase Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: PLL control
  topic: keywords
subject: α–β transformation
  topic: keywords
creator: Wajdi Mremi
creator: Ali Al-Mathnani
creator: Sharaf Aldeen Alfathi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-02
publication date: 2026-02-02
starting page: 122
ending page: 130
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_13

A New Approach for Low-Latency, High-Accuracy Anomaly Detection at the Edge: Benchmarking Quantized Autoencoders, LSTMs, and Lightweight Transformers on RT-IoT2022 Time-Series Traffic
type: item
description: This study benchmarks edge-optimized deep learning models for real-time anomaly detection in resource-constrained IoT environments using the RT-IoT2022 dataset, which includes four benign protocols and nine cyberattack types. Three architectures a quantized autoencoder (QAE), compact LSTM, and lightweight Transformer were deployed on a Raspberry Pi 4 and evaluated on F1-score, latency, model size, and energy per inference. The QAE achieved optimal performance with 98.7% F1- core, 142 KB memory footprint, 1.8 ms latency, and 4.2 mJ energy consumption, outperforming alternatives under strict edge constraints. While the LSTM showed better recall on rare attacks and the Transformer captured long-range dependencies at higher computational cost, the QAE delivered the best overall trade-off for deployable security. The work reframes model selection around hardware- ware co-design rather than architectural complexity, demonstrating that intelligently compressed, reconstruction-based approaches surpass heavier models in efficiency and effectiveness. Findings provide a reproducible framework for low-latency, privacy-preserving intrusion detection in smart healthcare and industrial IoT, advocating a paradigm shift toward minimal sufficiency over maximal capacity in edge AI design.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Edge AI
  topic: keywords
subject: IoT security, anomaly detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Quantized autoencoder
  topic: keywords
subject: Lightweight LSTM
  topic: keywords
subject: distilled Transformer
  topic: keywords
subject: RT-IoT2022
  topic: keywords
subject: Real-time intrusion detection
  topic: keywords
creator: Magdah Osman
creator: Fatma Elghaffi
creator: Llahm Ben Dalla
creator: Ömer Karal
creator: Tarik Rashid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 110
ending page: 121
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_12

Effect of Mn-Site Doping on the Magnetic Properties of the La2/3Sr1/3Mn1-xInxO3 Manganite Perovskite
type: item
description: The substitution of Mn with a low concentration of In (x ≤ 0.20) in the magnetoresistance compound La2/3Sr1/3Mn1-xInxO3 has been investigated. Magnetic properties were analyzed using AC magnetic susceptibility and DC electrical resistance measurements. The metal-to-insulator transition temperature (Tp)decreased from 365 K to 245K as the level of In doping increased, indicating a loss of ferromagnetic order. Similarly, the Curie temperature (Tc) of each sample shifted to lower values with higher In content. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a single-phase perovskite rhombohedral structure. Surface morphology and microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that withan increase in Indium concentration up to x= 0.20, grain size diminished significantly, reducing from 15 µm to 2 µm, along with noticeable grain agglomeration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Perovskite
  topic: keywords
subject: Magnetic Susceptibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Magnetic properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Magnetoresistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Curie temperature
  topic: keywords
creator: Ramadan Shaiboub
creator: Ali Hamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-26
publication date: 2026-01-26
starting page: 105
ending page: 109
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_11

Evaluation and Prediction Performance of Solar Panel and Wind Turbine Systems Using Simulation
type: item
description: Renewable energy is one of the important sustainable energy sources due to its low carbon emissions compared to fossil fuels; however, its performance is affected by climatic conditions. This study aims to evaluate and predict the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems and wind turbines in Libya through two phases. In the first phase, MATLAB/Simulink was used to model and simulate three PV technologies monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous and to analyze the effects of solar irradiance and temperature on their performance. The results indicate that monocrystalline modules are more responsive to increased irradiance, while amorphous modules are less sensitive to temperature rise. Wind energy systems were analyzed by comparing two horizontal- xis wind turbines, Gamesa and Acciona, under different wind speeds, where the Gamesa turbine showed superior performance at high speeds. In the second phase, an artificial neural network trained using synthetically generated data achieved high prediction accuracy for both energy systems
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Solar panels
  topic: keywords
subject: Wind turbines
  topic: keywords
subject: MATLAB/Simulink
  topic: keywords
subject: Python
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial neural network
  topic: keywords
creator: Sharaf Aldeen Alfathi
creator: Guzlan Miskeen
creator: Wajdi Mremi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
starting page: 94
ending page: 104
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_10

Optimal Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy System (PV/Wind/PHS) Under Multiple Constraints of Connection to the Electricity Grid: A Case Study
type: item
description: Libya faces a challenge in providing a secure and stable electricity supply. The deficit recorded in 2024 reached approximately 32.5%, forcing the General Electricity Company to resort to rationing, with power cuts lasting up to eight hours daily. The country's strategic vision aims to overcome this problem by transitioning to renewable energy sources and adopting decentralized generation systems. This approach is clearly embodied in the National Energy Strategy for the period 2025–2050, which aims to increase the share of renewable sources in the overall energy mix to more than 50% by 2050. In this context, this research paper proposes the design of an integrated hybrid renewable energy system, combining photovoltaic cell and wind turbine technologies, supported by a pumped hydroelectric storage (PV/Wind/PHS) system. The study results showed that the ideal system configuration consists of a 1000 MW solar photovoltaic field and a 200 MW wind farm, integrated with an 854 MWh storage system. This system generates a total annual energy output of approximately 1515.761 GWh, fully covering the current electricity deficit estimated at around 15575 MWh. The system also injects energy into the national grid, adhering to the grid's protocol, which stipulates that no energy is drawn from the grid during a deficit and no energy is exported to it during a saturated period, and vice versa. The optimized design achieves 100% sustainable load supply and records the lowest levelized power cost of $49.9/MWh. The project cost is estimated at approximately $19.923 billion, with a payback period of 11.10 years. The proposed system also contributed to reducing carbon emissions by 11,624 kilotons, saving an estimated $816.246 million in emissions-related social costs, in addition to an estimated $2.189 billion in savings resulting from reduced conventional fuel consumption.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Solar Energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Wind Energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydropower
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid Energy Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Electrical Loads
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Bishara Ahmed
creator: Yasser Nassar
creator: Hala El-Khozondar
creator: Mohamed Khaleel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-18
publication date: 2026-01-18
starting page: 83
ending page: 93
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_09

Comparative Study on the Reproductive Biology of Mullus surmuletus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Mullus barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758) along the Benghazi Coast, Eastern Libya (Mediterranean Sea)
type: item
description: The purpose of this study was to examine the reproductive biology differences between Mullus barbatus and Mullus surmuletus along the coast of Benghazi, Eastern Libya (Mediterranean Sea). Sex ratio, gonadosomatic index (GSI), length at first sexual maturity and fecundity were among the important factors analyzed, along with comparisons to earlier research. From January to December 2022, samples were taken monthly from commercial trawl catches. The overall sex ratio was male-biased in both species (1:1.39 in M. surmuletus and 1:1.23 in M. barbatus). Males and females of M. surmuletus and M. barbatus were 12.9 cm and 13.2 cm, respectively, at 50% maturity. According to GSI values, M. barbatus spawned from late winter to early summer, while M. surmuletus spawned primarily in the spring. Despite interspecific variations, fecundity estimates in both species had a positive correlation with fish size. These results shed light on the reproductive tactics of two demersal species that are significant to the region's economy and show how environmental factors, such as climate change, may affect these species' ability to reproduce.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Reproductive biology
  topic: keywords
subject: Mullus surmuletus
  topic: keywords
subject: Mullus barbatus
  topic: keywords
subject: Eastern Libyan Mediterranean coast
  topic: keywords
creator: Ezz AL-Naser Abziow
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 76
ending page: 82
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_08

Association between Blood Glucose Levels and Biochemical Variables in COVID-19 Patients - A Cross-Sectional Study
type: item
description: Objectives: To identify the association between blood glucose concentrations and biochemical variables that lead to high blood glucose levels in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: This study was conducted on 100 plasma samples obtained from individuals with confirmed COVID-19, diagnosed using polymerase chain reaction. Samples were collected from the Barakuli Isolation Centre, Respiratory Clinic, and Sebha Medical Center in Sebha City, Libya. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, cortisol, triglycerides, cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and liver enzyme activities were measured. Results: Sixty percent of patients had elevated blood glucose concentrations, whereas 40% had normal concentrations. The levels of insulin, cortisol, CRP, triglycerides, and liver enzyme activity were compared between the two groups. The results showed an increase in the mean concentrations of cortisol, triglycerides, CRP, and liver enzymes in patients with elevated glucose concentrations compared with those in patients with normal glucose concentrations. Statistical analysis using the t-test showed significant differences between the means (p = 0.000). Conversely, the mean insulin concentration was low in patients with elevated glucose levels. The results also showed a positive correlation between glucose and cortisol, triglyceride, and CRP concentrations, as well as GPT and GOT activity. Conclusion: Patients with COVID-19 exhibited elevated blood glucose concentrations associated with decreased insulin levels. Additionally, high concentrations of biochemical variables contributing to hyperglycemia were observed in patients with COVID-19.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Blood glucose
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: Insulin
  topic: keywords
subject: Patients
  topic: keywords
creator: Maryam Bisher
creator: Ahlam Thamer
creator: Shaheen Shahata
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-04
publication date: 2026-01-04
starting page: 70
ending page: 75
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_07

Feasibility of Concentrating Solar Power as a Solar Fuel for Electrical Power Stations: A Case Study of Ubari Gas-Power Station in Libya
type: item
description: This study affirms the economic viability and environmental advantages of employing concentrated solar power (CSP) as an alternative energy source for electricity generation in the gas-fired power plants at the Ubari station-Libya. The main objective of this study is to provide technical and economic information about the solar power tower (SPT) and parabolic trough concentrator (PTC) to the Libyan government and engineers to encourage fostering sustainable development in the region by mitigating oil depletion by a specific percentage and redirecting it towards petrochemical industries with higher economic returns. Utilizing the System Advisor Model program, various technologies for generating electricity from concentrating solar energy were compared, considering diverse hours and storage capacities. The levelized cost of energy served as a benchmark for the comparative analysis. The findings indicate that the CSP technology of the solar power tower field is optimal, constituting approximately 43.6% of the capacity factor. The proposed generation system's ideal design characteristics include a SPT capacity of around 400 MW, a thermal storage tank with a capacity of 11,332 m³, approximately 508 hectares needed for field construction, a project capital cost of approximately $186,102,644, and the levelized cost of energy of about 13.48¢/kWh. The estimated annual crude oil savings amount to about 3,187,726 barrels, equivalent to approximately $243,637,912. The prevention of approximately 1,735,060 tons of CO2 from being released into the atmosphere is associated with an estimated environmental damage cost of about $130,129,247.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Concentrating solar power
  topic: keywords
subject: Solar fuel
  topic: keywords
subject: Parabolic Trough Concentrator
  topic: keywords
subject: Solar Power Tower
  topic: keywords
subject: Ubari gas-power plant
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Hala El-Khozondar
creator: Mostafa Andeef
creator: Yasser Nassar
creator: Rifa El-Khozondar
creator: Hilmy Awad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-04
publication date: 2026-01-04
starting page: 56
ending page: 69
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_06

An IoT-Enabled, THD-Based Fault Detection and Predictive Maintenance Framework for Solar PV Systems in Harsh Climates: Integrating DFT and Machine Learning for Enhanced Performance and Resilience
type: item
description: This research introduces an advanced energy management approach for PV setups situated in demanding semi-arid environments, specifically focusing on Baniwalid, Libya. Conventional energy management systems often depend on fixed parameters or basic models, which only address a limited scope of environmental variables. Such systems lack the adaptability to effectively respond to fluctuating conditions like intense heat, dust buildup, and intermittent shading, all of which can undermine solar panel performance. To overcome these limitations, the study incorporates artificial neural networks within an Internet of Things-based framework. This system utilizes a network of affordable sensors to collect real-time operational data from PV arrays. Via applying Discrete Fourier Transform techy, the system extracts key features such as Total Harmonic Distortion from electrical signals, which serve as early indicators of potential faults. Machine learning algorithms then leverage this data to forecast energy output as well as monitor the daily performance ratio, enabling the detection of gradual performance declines. During a ten-day observation period, the framework recorded a decrease in DPR from 97% to 93%, primarily attributed to temperature swings as well as dust accumulation on solar modules. The ANN-based model successfully correlated predicted outcomes with actual measurements, highlighting its potential for accurate system health assessment. The hybrid methodology combining physics-based signal analysis with data-driven intelligence facilitates proactive maintenance strategies that minimize unexpected interruptions, optimize energy yields, and can be efficiently deployed at the network edge. By transforming PV systems into adaptive, self-monitoring assets, this work enhances operational resilience under extreme conditions and offers a scalable solution that can be applied to smart energy management globally.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy management system
  topic: keywords
subject: Fault Detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Fast Fourier transform
  topic: keywords
subject: Real-Time monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine learning
  topic: keywords
creator: Llahm Ben Dalla
creator: Ömer Karal
creator: Mhamed EL-Sseid
creator: Abdulgader Alsharif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 41
ending page: 55
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_05

Assessment of Flexural and Impact Strengths in Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Resin Reinforced with Short E-glass Fiber
type: item
description: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is the predominant material for denture base construction, however its low flexural and impact strengths contribute a high rate of clinical failure. This study aimed to evaluate the reinforcing effect of silane-treated short E-glass fiber (SEGF) incorporated into heat-polymerized PMMA at different concentrations (0%, 2%, 4%, 5%, 7%, and 9 wt.%). A total of 180 specimens, fabricated according to ISO 1567, were subjected to three-point bending and Charpy impact tests to determine flexural and impact strengths. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test (α = 0.05) revealed a highly significant improvement in both properties with SEGF incorporation. Flexural strength increased progressively, reaching its maximum at 7 wt.% (106.47 ± 5.78 MPa), followed by a slight decline at 9 wt.% was recorded, likely due to fiber agglomeration and increased void formation. In contrast, impact strength showed a consistent and significant increase across all concentrations, with the highest value at 9 wt.% (12.80 ± 0.33 kJ/m²). These enhancements are attributed to improve interfacial bonding provided by silane treatment, which promotes effective stress transfer and crack-bridging. Within the limitations of this study, SEGF incorporation particularly in the 5-7 wt.% range offers optimal mechanical reinforcement. In conclusion, silane-treated SEGF represent a practical and effective strategy for improving the durability and fracture resistance of PMMA-based prostheses.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Polymethyl methacrylate
  topic: keywords
subject: Denture base resin
  topic: keywords
subject: Short E-glass fiber
  topic: keywords
subject: Flexural strength
  topic: keywords
subject: Impact strength
  topic: keywords
subject: Silane treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Abdulazeez
creator: Fatima Alsateel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 34
ending page: 40
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_04

Numerical Simulation of 2D Axisymmetric Flow Within Pressure swirl atomizer using InterFoam
type: item
description: This study evaluates the open-source CFD solver InterFoam for simulating multiphase flow in a 2D axisymmetric pressure-swirl atomizer using water and air. Motivated by the computational and experimental constraints of 3D studies, the research investigates two atomizer dimensions under a laminar flow assumption. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method and Continuum Surface Force (CSF) model are employed for interface tracking and surface tension. Qualitatively, the solver accurately captures key flow features, including air-core formation, swirling sheet emanation, and characteristic low-pressure distributions. Quantitatively, interFoam shows excellent agreement with experimental data for Case 1, with average swirling velocity errors of 6.11% at the inlet and 7.18% at the exit. However, Case 2 resulted in significant errors (49.05% and 14.43%) because the laminar assumption is invalid at the high Reynolds number (Re 74,246) present. This highlights the necessity of turbulence modeling for high-Re pressure-swirl flows. Finally, the solver’s performance in predicting the flow number, discharge coefficient, and spray cone angle outperformed literature findings based on inviscid analysis and maximum flow theory. The results suggest that accurate representation of swirling velocity profiles, alongside the swirl number, serves as a critical indicator for when turbulence models must be adopted.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pressure swirl atomizer
  topic: keywords
subject: 2D axisymmetric simplex atomizer
  topic: keywords
subject: InterFoam
  topic: keywords
subject: Volume of fluid
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdallah Salem
creator: Abulhafiz Aqila
creator: Mohammed Hamdan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdallah Salem, Abulhafiz Aqila, Mohammed Hamdan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: 25
ending page: 33
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_03

Studying the Effect of Using Local Porous Volcanic Aggregate on the Compressive Strength of Concrete
type: item
description: The sustainable development of the construction sector in arid regions requires the optimization of local natural resources to minimize environmental impact and transportation costs. This study investigates the feasibility and performance of replacing conventional limestone coarse aggregate (CCA) with volcanic aggregate (Basalt rocks) sourced from the Haruj volcanic field in central Libya. An experimental program was conducted using five concrete mixtures with volumetric VA replacement levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The study encompassed a detailed characterization of aggregate properties, followed by an evaluation of fresh concrete behaviour (workability, density) and hardened properties (compressive strength at 7, 28, and 90 days, water absorption, and permeability). Results indicate that Haruj VA is a dense, high-strength material with a Los Angeles Abrasion value of 20.48%, comparable to high-quality conventional aggregates. The angular shape and better grain interpenetration also contributed to improving the mechanical performance of the hardened matrix. The 100% VA mixture achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 37.69 MPa, representing an increase of approximately 70% over the reference mix (22.10 MPa). Furthermore, durability was markedly improved, evidenced by a 55% reduction in water penetration depth. This study concludes that Haruj volcanic aggregates are a superior alternative to conventional sedimentary aggregates for producing high-strength, low-permeability structural concrete.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Volcanic aggregate
  topic: keywords
subject: Haruj field
  topic: keywords
subject: Compressive strength
  topic: keywords
subject: Concrete durability
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable construction
  topic: keywords
creator: Munir Al-Kartihi
creator: Mohamed Yahya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-26
publication date: 2025-12-26
starting page: 15
ending page: 24
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_02

Design and Analysis of PV Solar Street Lighting systems in Remote Areas: A Case Study
type: item
description: This study presents the design and evaluation of a solar-powered street lighting system for the Brack Alshati – Alshuwayrif road in southern Libya. The aim is to reduce traffic accidents on this vital north-south artery. The analysis was conducted using hourly climate data for the study area. Several software programs were employed, including System Adviser Model (SAM), MS Excel, and DIalux, to assess the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of the proposed system and to determine the optimal street lighting design that minimizes the cost per unit of electricity production. Electronic devices and sensors were also used to monitor system performance and minimize malfunctions and energy waste. The optimum system included a 530W solar panel, a 2620Wh (12V×220Ah) storage battery, and a 100W LED light. The number of light poles required to meet traffic safety requirements and standard specifications for lighting the 280 km distance between Brack and Alshuwerif cities was estimated at 3,450 poles. The project cost was estimated at 18,265,000 LD, with a levelized cost of energy of 0.604 LD/kWh. The payback period was estimated at 21.9 years, and the annual amount of CO2 prevented from being released into the atmosphere was estimated at 413.5 tons annually, which equivalent to 249,452 LD per year.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Solar Energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Street Lighting
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Feasibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Photovoltaic Systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Alkhazmi
creator: Yasser Nassar
creator: Hala El-Khozondar
creator: Sassi Rekik
creator: Haidar Hadi
creator: Monaem Elmnifi
creator: Mohamed Khaleel
creator: Ibrahim Imbayah
creator: Mai Abuhelwa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_01