Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (ISSN: 3006-0877) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality research in the fields of pure and applied sciences. Published biannually (two issues per year), the journal serves as a platform for researchers, scientists, and academics to share innovative findings and advancements in disciplines such as: Physical Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Earth Sciences) Biological Sciences (Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry) Mathematics & Statistics Environmental Sciences Computer Science & Information Technology Engineering & Technology (where applicable) Journal Mission The journal aims to promote scientific knowledge by publishing original research articles, reviews, and short communications that contribute to theoretical and practical developments in pure and applied sciences. It upholds rigorous peer-review standards to ensure the validity, significance, and originality of published work. Key Features Open Access: All articles are freely available to readers worldwide, ensuring broad dissemination of knowledge. Peer-Reviewed: Manuscripts undergo a double-blind review process by experts in the relevant fields. ISSN: Online ISSN 3006-0877 Frequency: Two issues per year (biannual). Indexing & Archiving: The journal is committed to being indexed in reputable databases to enhance visibility and impact. Article Processing Charge (Authors' Fees) This journal charges no authors' fees Article Submission Charge: 0.0 LD Article Processing Charge (APC): 0.0 LD WAUJPAS is run on a non-profit basis. Wadi Alshatti University covers 100% of the expenses of publishing Publisher The journal is published by Wadi Alshatti University, supporting the institution’s commitment to advancing scientific research and education in Libya and beyond. For inquiries, please contact the Editorial Office at [inf.wuj@wau.edu.ly].
This journal uses Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommerical 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Copyright of articles Authors retain copyright of their articles published in this journal.
A Comparison of Machine Learning Models for Stroke Risk Prediction
Stroke is a major cause of death and permanent disability globally. Effective preventive measures depend on early stroke risk prediction. This, study investigates a form of machine learning classifiers for predicting the risk of stroke and evaluates their performance in comparison to more conventional models, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Trees (DT), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting, and Genetic Programming (GP). A public dataset from DataHack comprising 4981 participants was used, with class imbalance addressed by using Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Techniques (SMOTE). The dataset was split into a training set with 80% and a testing set with 20%. According to the experimental results, all the proposed approaches performed well in all the presented categories. Moreover, the GP approach achieved the highest results among the proposed approaches, reaching 95.6% accuracy, a significant improvement over the 90% state-of-the-art accuracy. The GP approach delivers prediction accuracy by creating symbolic expressions that illustrate correlations between the probability of stroke and risk factors. This study highlights the potential of machine learning approaches in predictive healthcare applications while also emphasizing the need for improvements through hybrid approaches, parameter modifications, and practical medical integration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mona Aljero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Non-Profit Organizations in Promoting Environmental Awareness in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Region: A Case Study of Al Bayda City
The Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region is characterized by unique natural components and a sensitive environment that necessitates concerted efforts to preserve it and protect it from increasing environmental problems and challenges. Hence, the role of non-profit organizations emerges as a partner in developing environmental awareness in the community. This study aims to measure the level of environmental awareness among the residents of the Al-Jabal Al- khdar region, assess the extent of non-profit organizations' contribution to spreading and developing this awareness, identify the most prominent challenges they face, and analyze prevailing environmental values and attitudes. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and a quantitative approach through a questionnaire distributed to a random sample of (385) individuals. The results showed that the level of environmental awareness was moderate, tending towards low (1.81), while environmental values and attitudes recorded a high level (3.60). This indicates a gap between perception, awareness, and environmental behavior, meaning a theoretical value-based awareness that is not sufficiently reflected in the practical practices of community members. The study also revealed a severe deficiency in the role and effectiveness of environmental organizations, which was at a moderate level (1.95), with a statistically significant positive correlation between their role and the level of awareness (R=0.241). However, this impact remains limited; this was attributed to weak outreach, lack of funding, institutional support, and community participation. Statistical analyses also confirmed a weak correlation between the demographic characteristics of the respondents and their level of environmental awareness. The study concluded with key recommendations, including: enhancing the practical role of organizations and expanding the scope of their activities, providing financial support, and developing awareness activities by integrating environmental education into educational systems, establishing partnerships with educational institutions in universities, academies, and higher institutes to develop a joint research environment addressing environmental studies, and submitting annual reports to the community and decision-makers, as well as investing social media platforms in digital awareness campaigns, and moving towards practical programs aimed at changing individuals' environmental behavior.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Facile Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and its Enhancement in Some Cotton Fabric Properties
An eco-friendly and facile method has been used for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Ficus carica (Fig) extract. The aqueous extract of (Fig leaves) was used as a reducing and capping agent in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The characterization using XRD, SEM, FTIR confirms the preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles, ZnO NPs. The average particle size of the prepared ZnO nanoparticle was approximately 36.58 nm calculated from the XRD data. The prepared zinc oxide nanoparticles showed a spherical agglomerated porous nanostructure according to the SEM images. Further, cotton lawn fabrics were coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles via a simple technique using less chemicals, the coated cotton outperforms uncoated cotton in terms of thermal stability and abrasion resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Certain Fertilization Practices and Some Climatic Factors on Selected Morphological and Yield Traits of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L) Under Rainfed Condition
This study was conducted at the Salamiya Research Station – Hama Research Center during the 2021/2022 growing seasons to investigate the effects of different fertilization treatments—mineral fertilization using ammonium nitrate (33%), organic fertilization using fermented manure, and bio-fertilization using vetch seeds and some climatic factors on certain morphological and yield- elated traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. The results indicated a significant superiority of the organic fertilization treatment (fermented manure) across both growing seasons in the studied traits. The average number of grains per spike reached 42 in the first season and 27 in the second. A similar trend was observed for grain weight per spike in the second season, with an average of 0.57 g. In contrast, the highest value in the first season for grain weight per spike was recorded under bio-fertilization (2.80g). A significant difference was observed in the 1000-grain weight under bio-fertilization in both seasons, reaching 41.2 g in the first season and 21.9 g in the second. However, mineral fertilization showed the highest value for plant height in the first season, with an average of 77.1 cm. Regarding grain weight per spike, bio-fertilization recorded the highest values in the first season (2.8 g), and also maintained the highest average in the second season (0.57 g). In terms of total weight, the highest value in the first season was recorded under the mineral fertilization treatmen (687g), in the second growing season, however, the highest value was observed under the biofertilization treatment, with an average of (387g). In contrast, the control treatment showed the lowest significant values across all studied traits number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, plant height, total tiller number, grain weight per spike, and straw weight—during both growing seasons. It clearly showed the significant negative effect of the rise of micro and macro temperatures in the second growing season on the studied traits as compared to the first growing season.
Strategic Integration of Industry 4.0 and Iot for Enhancing Operational Performance and Sustainable Competitiveness in SMEs
The rapid emergence of Industry 4.0 (IR 4.0) has significantly transformed operations management by enabling the integration of Internet of Things (IoT), data analytics, and intelligent automation. While large organizations have successfully leveraged these technologies to enhance operational efficiency and competitiveness, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) continue to face challenges in translating digital adoption into measurable performance outcomes. This study critically examines the role of IoT in improving operational performance and sustainable competitiveness within SMEs. Drawing on operations strategy, business ecosystem theory, and technology adoption models, this report evaluates how IoT-driven systems enhance process efficiency, decision-making, and resource optimization. The findings indicate that while IoT technologies contribute to cost reduction, flexibility, and real-time operational control, their effectiveness is highly dependent on strategic alignment, organizational readiness, and governance mechanisms. Furthermore, the study highlights that digital transformation supports sustainability objectives, particularly SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), although it may also introduce new environmental and ethical challenges. Based on a critical and comparative analysis of real-world applications, including global firms and SMEs, this study proposes an integrated strategic framework that aligns operations strategy, digital technologies, sustainability, and governance. The report concludes with practical recommendations to guide SMEs in adopting Industry 4.0 technologies effectively while ensuring long-term operational excellence and responsible innovation.
Optimizing Project Management Practices in Healthcare Construction: An Evaluative Case Study of Zliten Central Hospital
The study aimed to evaluate project management practices and applications in executing health sector projects, specifically focusing on the maintenance and development project of Zliten Central Hospital as a case study. The research addresses a central problem: despite the significant evolution in mechanisms and techniques used by construction companies and consultancy firms to manage project execution, weaknesses in professional performance may still emerge. This deficiency is often associated with improper planning and a lack of precise understanding of engineering planning, leading to a loss of control over the essential components of project management. The study reached several key findings, most notably: The project management in the case study does not fully recognize the importance of applying engineering methods in project planning and management, which resulted in poor resource allocation, particularly time management. The findings indicate that implementing engineering management techniques leads to a reduction in project duration, as evidenced by the project time being shortened to 18 months instead of 22 months. Furthermore, the application of engineering management methods enhances project cost control through techniques such as Earned Value Management (EVM). The use of these methods shortens completion time without compromising cost or quality. Additionally, the network analysis technique contributed to defining project activities and reducing execution time, while the results highlighted that the Critical Path Method (CPM) remains one of the most successful tools for determining the overall project duration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Transport and Storage Conditions on the Viability of Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) Seeds Collectors
Grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) seeds are the fundamental element for ensuring the sustainability of coastal mangrove ecosystems, as they represent the sole means of propagation for this species. Consequently, their preservation is not merely an agricultural procedure but a vital investment in environmental and climate security. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of transport and storage conditions on the viability of Avicennia marina seeds by comparing three experimental treatments differing in transport duration, humidity, and aeration. Seeds were collected from the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Bahrain, undergoing standardized pre-treatments including soaking and hydration prior to their transfer to Libya. Treatment 1 (T1) involved placing seeds in airtight moist plastic bags to create anaerobic conditions, which resulted in root necrosis and 100% seed mortality. Treatment 2 (T2) subjected the seeds to desiccation for 72 hours, yielding a 50% germination success rate due to dehydration damage to the emerging radicles. Treatment 3 (T3) provided stable humidity and optimal aeration, achieving a 100% germination rate. Statistical validation using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed a highly significant effect of aeration, humidity, and desiccation on germination rates. The calculated F-value (60.00) significantly exceeded the critical value, indicating that the variance between treatments far outweighed any random intra-group variance. The p-value (< 0.0001), being substantially lower than the significance threshold (0.05), confirms a high statistical significance of humidity and aeration conditions on germination success. The study concludes that Avicennia marina seeds are acutely sensitive to the balance between moisture and oxygen. Anaerobic immersion or prolonged desiccation leads to a profound decline in seed viability and regenerative capacity.
Artificial Intelligence as a Driver of Transformation in Higher Education and Scientific Research in Morocco: An Analytical Study of Its Impact on University Performance and Sustainable Development
This study is situated within the context of the rapid digital transformations shaping the higher education sector, with a particular focus on the role of artificial intelligence in reshaping higher education and scientific research systems in Morocco. It aims to analyze the extent to which these technologies contribute to enhancing the quality of education, improving the efficiency of scientific research, and fostering innovation in pursuit of sustainable development goals. To achieve this objective, the study adopts an analytical approach based on a comprehensive review of recent scientific literature, as well as the analysis of relevant national and international reports and indicators. It also employs a comparative perspective to examine leading international experiences in the integration of artificial intelligence in higher education. The findings reveal that the integration of artificial intelligence significantly contributes to the development of interactive learning methods, the improvement of educational outcomes, and the strengthening of research capacities. However, this transformation faces several structural challenges, notably inadequate digital infrastructure, limited specialized skills, and the absence of a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework governing the use of these technologies. The study concludes that adopting a digital governance model grounded in strategic planning, strengthening investment in digital infrastructure, and developing human capital are essential to ensure the effective and sustainable integration of artificial intelligence within Morocco’s higher education system.
Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Analyzing the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for Idlib Governorate, Northwest Syria
This study highlights the advantages of topographic maps and demonstrates the role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques in cartographic analysis and representation. This allows for rapid, accurate, and diverse results that enhance understanding and clarity of the topographic landscape of the study area compared to traditional methods. The study aimed to represent the topographic characteristics of Idlib Governorate cartographically, including contour features, elevation values, surface features, and slope characteristics such as their degrees, directions, areas, curvature, hill shadows, and the network of watercourses. Using GIS techniques and application software such as ArcGIS 10.8 and Surfer 13, a set of maps was produced that are effective in development planning and serve as an aid to decision-makers in improving the study area. This study relied on the analysis of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the study area, revealing that it is characterized by a range of topographic features, including diverse terrain and varying elevations between 83 and 1108 meters above sea level. The general slope and prevailing water flow direction was found to be southeasterly, accounting for 17.9% of the total. Surface slopes ranged from 0 to 30°, and curvature ranged from -1° to +1.2°. The shadows cast by hills ranged from 0 to 180°, with the largest category (0-6°) representing 48.7% of the total. The surface is dissected by a number of temporary seasonal wadis (valleys) totaling approximately [number missing in original text]. (2357) valleys. A number of important and relevant findings and recommendations were presented.
The Reality of the Use of Artificial Intelligence and its Reflection on the Ethics of Scientific Research Among Researchers at the College of Education at the University of Damascus-Syria
The research aims to reveal the reality of the use of artificial intelligence and its reflection on the ethics of scientific research among researchers in the College of Education at the University of Damascus, as well as to reveal the significance of the differences between the averages of the answers of the research sample members to the two questionnaires on the reality of the use of artificial intelligence. The ethics of scientific research is due to the variable of the postgraduate stage. The descriptive correlational approach and the questionnaire were used as a tool for collecting data. The study sample consisted of (82) researchers from postgraduate students in the master’s and doctoral stages at the College of Education at the University of Damascus. The most important findings of the study are. The reality of using artificial intelligence in scientific research, from the point of view of researchers at the Faculty of Education at the University of Damascus, has reached a great degree. The degree of commitment of researchers at the Faculty of Education at the University of Damascus to the ethics of scientific research, from their point of view, was moderate. There is no statistically significant relationship at the significance level (0.05) between the reality of using artificial intelligence and the application of scientific research ethics from the point of view of the research sample members. There are statistically significant differences between the averages of the answers of the research sample members to the questionnaire about the reality of using artificial intelligence in scientific research due to the graduate stage variable, for the benefit of doctoral students. There are statistically significant differences between the averages of the research sample members’ answers to the scientific research ethics questionnaire due to the postgraduate stage variable, for the benefit of doctoral students
Ethics_researchers - scientific research
Patterns of Forced Displacement and Their Impact on Human Security in Libya: A Content Analysis of National and International Reports (2011–2025)
This study aims to analyze the patterns of forced displacement in Libya and its impact on human security during the period (2011- 025). The research employs a Content Analysis methodology, examining reports issued by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), alongside national reports. The study population encompasses Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) within major conflict and displacement hubs, specifically (Tripoli, Benghazi, Tawergha, and Derna). The findings indicate that current mitigation policies lack a sustainable strategic dimension aligned with the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Accordingly, the study recommends an urgent transition from immediate relief interventions to a comprehensive policy-based empowerment framework.
The Effect of Natural Pozzolana on Mitigating the Carbon Footprint of the Cement Industry and an Investigation into Its Influence on Enhancing Concrete Durability in Aggressive Environments
This research first examined the historical use of Pozzolana materials with lime since Roman times to improve the durability of structures. It then focused on studying mixtures of Portland cement (ordinary and sulfate-resistant) with natural Pozzolan available in Syria. Concrete samples were produced with varying percentages of cement replacement by Pozzolan (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) and were cured in different environments (water as a reference, and a concentrated nitric acid environment to simulate pollution). The samples were then tested at different ages (up to 180 days) to measure changes in weight, flexural tensile strength, and compressive strength.Natural Pozzolan also plays a significant role in reducing the carbon footprint of cement manufacturing, which is one of the main strategies for a more sustainable cement industry.The main results showed that Adding Pozzolan delays the setting time and reduces the heat of hydration of concrete, which is beneficial for mass concrete structures. In the water environment, the long-term compressive strength (180 days) of samples containing Pozzolan improved, approaching that of the reference samples. In the acidic environment, samples containing Pozzolan (especially at 20%) exhibited higher corrosion resistance and a noticeable improvement in tensile and compressive strength compared to the reference samples, which deteriorated significantly. Overall, Pozzolan enhanced the durability of concrete in aggressive environments, with a 20% replacement ratio demonstrating balanced and good performance. The study established statistical relationships that can be used to predict the behavior of Pozzolana concrete and confirms the feasibility of using these local materials to improve the durability of concrete structures.
The Role of Digital Transformation in Achieving Sustainable Development
Summary: The study aims to highlight the role of digital transformation in achieving sustainable development, in light of the impact of economic and political difficulties on development in Libyan society. It also seeks to highlight the role of digital transformation in developmental projects, and the extent of its impact in creating a shift at the economic level in the field of development. The study attempts to answer the main question, which is: what is the role of digital transformation in achieving sustainable development? The study was based on the functional perspective as its sociological approach and adopted the descriptive analytical method, by presenting the scientific material while observing the logical sequence of the topic’s elements, defining some related concepts, and then proceeding to present the other elements. The study relied on the method of comprehensive survey of all members of the study population, where data were collected using a questionnaire and processed using the statistical package (SPSS).
Copyright (c) 2026 The author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study of Some Hematological and Biochemical Variables in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis Attending Tasaawa Rural Hospital
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects multiple body systems, with its most severe impact commonly observed in the joints of the hands, wrists, feet, ankles, knees, shoulders, and elbows. This study was conducted at Tasaawa Rural Hospital and included non-pregnant women aged between 30 and 79 years. A total of 100 samples were collected. The results revealed that the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis among the studied population was 10%. A significant decrease was observed in hemoglobin levels and red blood cell counts, accompanied by an increase in red cell distribution width (RDW). However, no statistically significant differences were detected in the remaining hematological parameters. The findings also indicated that liver and kidney functions remained within normal ranges. No statistically significant differences were found in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, or creatinine levels. The study samples were further classified into three age groups: (30–39) years, (40–50) years, and (51–79) years. The results demonstrated statistically significant differences in platelet indices, including platelet distribution width (PDW) and plateletcrit (PCT), as well as in the two enzymes; ALP and ALT. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were observed in the other variables. Results showed a decrease in hemoglobin level and red blood cell counts, while white blood cell and platelet counts remained within normal limits. The study concluded that the percentage of sample positive for arthritis was 10% among the studied women. It also demonstrated decreased hemoglobin levels and red blood cell counts, along with an increased RDW, while no statistically significant differences were observed in other parameters. Additionally, it showed that liver and kidney function tests remained within normal ranges.
The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Renal Function: Assessment Using the CKD-EPI 2021 Equation in Derna City, Libya
Long‑standing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor for diabetic kidney disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD), yet early diagnosis remains difficult because serum creatinine often stays normal until substantial renal tissue is lost. Local data in Derna, Libya, are scarce. This case‑control study evaluated the CKD‑EPI 2021 race‑free equation for early detection of renal impairment in 77 T2DM patients and 20 healthy controls recruited from the Cardiac and Diabetes Center in Derna. Fasting glucose, HbA1c, serum urea, and serum creatinine were measured, and eGFR was calculated using the 2021 equation. Diabetic patients had significantly lower eGFR than controls (98.5 ± 12.8 vs. 112.8 ± 11.4 mL/min/1.73 m²; p < 0.001). 13.0% of patients were in Stage 2–3 CKD despite normal creatinine values. Age was the strongest predictor of eGFR decline (r = −0.654; p < 0.001), while HbA1c showed no cross‑sectional correlation (r = −0.062; p = 0.592). Smoking status did not influence eGFR in either group. These findings demonstrate that the CKD‑EPI 2021 equation unmasks early renal impairment missed by creatinine alone and support routine eGFR reporting, particularly for older patients, in Libyan diabetes care.
Assessment of the Condition of the Flexible Pavement of Brack Alshatti Airport Road Using the Paver System
This study aims to facilitate the decision-making process for managing a section of the road network in Brack. Recent advances in Web GIS technologies have enabled road authorities to adopt cost-effective solutions for efficient road network management. This study aims to evaluate the flexible pavement condition of a selected road network using the PAVER pavement management system based on the Pavement Condition Index (PCI). The goal is to provide an accurate database to support preventive and structural maintenance decisions. PAVER is one of the most widely used systems for pavement evaluation, offering a standardized methodology based on ASTM D6433 for identifying pavement defects, determining the severity and extent of each defect, and then calculating the PCI value for each section. In this study, the road network was divided into homogeneous evaluation sections. A visual field survey was then conducted to identify the most common surface defects, such as block cracking, longitudinal and transverse cracks, patching, potholes, and raveling. The data was then entered into the PAVER software to determine the PCI value for each section. The results showed that the AT-A section index was 53, the AT-B section index was 84, the AT-C section index was 93, the BA-A section index was 54, and the BA-B section index was 59. The analysis revealed a clear relationship between the road's operational lifespan and the deterioration of the PCI value, in addition to the impact of excessive axle loads and insufficient periodic maintenance. The study also proposed an optimal Maintenance and Repair Plan (M&R Plan) based on treatment priorities and maintenance costs, including: preventive maintenance for good sections, intermediate repairs for deteriorated sections, and rehabilitation for sections classified as "very poor." The study confirms that using the PAVER system provides a precise scientific method for pavement management and identifying actual maintenance needs, contributing to reduced maintenance costs and improved road service levels. The study recommends the periodic updating of network data and the implementation of automated surveying techniques to enhance future assessment accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abuazoum Awidat, Omar Darwish, Masoud Fekroun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Serum Tumor Markers CA15-3 and CEA for Early Breast Cancer Detection in a Low-Resource Population: A Cross-Sectional Study from Al-Jufra, Libya
This study aimed to evaluate the role of the tumor markers CA15-3 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in contributing to the early detection of breast cancer among women in Al-Jufra Municipality. The data of this study were extracted from 92 women diagnosed with breast cancer and control group of 10 healthy women. Demographic and clinical data were collected, serum levels of CA15-3 and CEA were measured using the Cobas e 411 Analyzer. Data were analyzed using the Independent Samples t-test. The results demonstrated a significant increase in both CA15-3 and CEA levels in the patients compared with the control group. The mean CA15-3 level was 43.02 U/mL versus 6.19 U/mL in control group (p< 0.001), while the mean CEA level was 6.88 ng/mL in the patient compared with 1.78 ng/mL in controls (p< 0.001). Following treatment, CA15-3 levels showed a significant reduction, with a mean value of 19.33 U/mL (p< 0.001). Nevertheless, CA15-3 levels remained significantly higher than those observed in the control group (p < 0.01). In contrast, CEA levels did not exhibit a significant decrease after treatment (p = 0.965), compared with the control group after treatment (p = 0.096). The study concludes that CA15-3 was a potential marker for the presence of breast cancer and for evaluating treatment effectiveness compared to CEA marker. These findings highlight the potential role of CA15-3 serum tumor markers as supportive tools in breast cancer management in low-resource settings. Further studies using large sample sizes are needed.
Potential Therapeutic Effects of Juniperus phoenicea Extract Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Injury in Male Mice: Histopathological and Ultrastructural Evidence
This study investigated the potential therapeutic effect of the aqueous extract of Juniperus phoenicea against ethanol-induced gastric injury in male Swiss albino mice. Sixty adult mice were randomly allocated into four groups: control, ethanol-treated, extract-treated, and ethanol + extract-treated groups. Gastric injury was induced by oral administration of absolute ethanol (1 mL/kg) on alternate days, while the plant extract was administered orally at a dose of 40 mg/kg daily for seven consecutive days. Ethanol exposure caused marked gastric damage characterized by epithelial erosion, vascular congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, and disruption of normal mucosal architecture. In addition, ethanol-treated animals showed reduced body weight gain and alterations in hematological parameters. In contrast, treatment with J. phoenicea extract significantly improved gastric tissue structure, reduced inflammatory changes, and promoted restoration of epithelial organization. The treated group also demonstrated improvement in body weight and partial normalization of hematological indices. Ultrastructural examination confirmed recovery of cellular integrity, including restoration of mitochondria, secretory granules, and rough endoplasmic reticulum in gastric epithelial cells. These findings suggest that the aqueous extract of J. phoenicea possesses promising therapeutic activity against ethanol-induced gastric injury, possibly through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tissue regenerative mechanisms. Further studies are recommended to identify its active constituents and evaluate its clinical applicability.
The Effect of Replacing Defatted Soybean Flour on the Chemical Composition and Sensory Properties of Arabic (Shami) Bread
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing defatted soybean flour and to determine the best added proportions of soybean flour and its effect on the chemical compositions of Arabic (Shami) bread samples, as well as its effect on the sensory evaluation of the loaf of bread produced from the flour. The potential to improve bread quality in terms of increasing the nutritional value (proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals), improving the amino acid balance, and enhancing the sensory properties of bread loaves was explored. Partial replacement of wheat flour with defatted soybean flour at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the total flour weight was used to obtain composite bread samples. Several tests were conducted on the bread, including tests to determine the chemical composition and tests to assess the sensory properties of the bread. The experiment was designed according to a completely randomized design (CRD), and the Duncan multiple range test was used to determine significant differences between the means of the different treatments at a probability level of ≤ 0.01. The results of chemical tests of bread samples produced and partially replaced with soybean flour at rates of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% showed a significant increase in the percentage of moisture, protein, ash and fat compared to the control sample (0%), which was accompanied by a significant decrease in the percentage of carbohydrates as the percentage of substitution increased. Meanwhile, the results of sensory evaluation of Arabic (Shami) bread samples showed The product with substitution ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, that the best acceptance in terms of the total average of the sensory evaluation factors mentioned above was for the two types of bread with a substitution ratio of 15% (51.20) points compared to the control sample which was (48.91) points out of the general average of the total which is 63 points. This resulted in the development of a new product of Arabic (Shami) bread loaf with a good chemical composition, sensory properties and high nutritional value.
Concise Comparative Study of Economic Dispatch of Electrical Power Systems
Economic Dispatch (ED) is currently essential for operating electrical power systems globally, including offline Microgrids (MGs). ED ensures the stability and continuity of the electrical power system supply while keeping generating costs as low as possible. Identifying a generic solution for ED is usually complicated, as the operating conditions vary from one power system to another. Numerous solutions for ED have been documented in the literature involving conventional computation techniques, metaheuristic optimizations, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. A general review of such literature is lacking; a review could guide the researchers and engineers in the field of ED. This article comprehensively reviews ED while identifying the most prominent parameters, including transmission losses, emissions, renewable energies, and operating constraints. The article basically clarifies the research gap while comparing the different reported solutions, starting from standard techniques up to AI approaches, in a simple and concise fashion. Several comparisons are provided in the article to direct and guide the interested reader straightforwardly. For the proposed case study, Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) achieves the lowest total cost, outperforming Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) by 0.01% and 1.05%, respectively. It also exhibits markedly improved robustness, with reductions of 96.11% and 99.99% in the confidence interval, and 96.13% and 99.97% in the standard deviation, relative to PSO and GA.
Modeling and Simulation to Evaluate the Specific Absorption and Thermal Effect of Antennas Coated with Various Biomaterials
Antennas are essential elements in medical communications systems, but their use poses significant challenges related to electromagnetic and thermal safety. Reducing the specific energy absorption rate (SAR) and limiting thermal rise are basic requirements to ensure the safety of these systems. In this work, analyze and evaluate the effect of coated biomaterials on the electromagnetic and thermal performance of an implanted antenna operating at 2.44 GHz, taking into account different body compositions. The analysis included four coating cases no coating, PDMS coating, PDMS + Graphene composite coating, and PDMS + Ferrite composite coating, at different PDMS layer thicknesses. It is focused on analyzing and evaluating the reflection coefficient, specific absorption rate, and steady-state thermal rise. The analysis was done by simulating the antenna model and adding complementary elements to it, and from the results it can be said that the PDMS + Graphene composite coating leads to an almost complete decrease in the SAR values of 0.18 W/kg at BMI = 17, W/kg 0.01 at BMI = 22, and 0.07 W/kg at BMI = 27 across all BMI values, but this decrease results from a very high reflection of electromagnetic energy, which indicates weak coupling. Electromagnetic and low radiation efficiency, and the PDMS + Ferrite composite coating achieved the best balance between safety and efficiency, recording a realistic and significant reduction of 0.18 kg ≈ SAR at BMI = 17, 0.01 W/kg ≈ SAR at BMI = 22, and W/kg ≈ 0.07 at BMI = 27.
Dual-Fluid Compressed Air Energy Storage for Renewable Integration: Thermodynamic Modeling and Performance Evaluation
he increasing use of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar introduces fluctuations that make it more difficult to maintain a continuous balance between electricity generation and consumption. Energy storage systems play a critical role in addressing this challenge by storing excess energy and supplying it when needed. In this study, a hybrid storage approach known as Dual-Fluid Energy Storage (DFES) is investigated. The system combines compressed air with a water-based hydraulic mechanism, where energy is recovered through a Pelton turbine. A thermodynamic model based on polytropic behavior was developed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to analyze system performance under various operating conditions. The results show that a storage tank with a volume of 10 m³ at a pressure of 10 atm can provide an output of 100 kW for about 30 minutes, or maintain 10 kW for nearly 7 hours. When system losses are considered, the overall efficiency is calculated to be approximately 64%. The analysis also reveals that an initial water fill level of around 52% yields the highest usable energy, and this value remains largely unaffected by changes in pressure. In comparison with conventional hydraulic accumulators of similar size, the proposed system offers a significantly higher energy storage capacity per unit volume. These findings highlight the potential of hybrid compressed air systems and suggest the need for further experimental investigation and economic evaluation to assess their practical applicability in renewable energy systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salem Baitalmal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Traditional Processing Methods in the Preparation of Libyan Suwayqa and Their Scientific Evidence
This paper documents and analyzes the traditional practices of preparing Libyan "Suwayqa" and aims to decode the underlying nutritional wisdom inherited in its preparation, through a methodology that combines ethnographic documentation and a systematic review of scientific literature. Suwayqa is a traditional dish based on roasted and ground barley mixed with olive oil and medicinal herbs. Its preparation stages include soaking in a saline solution (10-12 hours), sand roasting (280°C for 20 seconds), dehulling, then grinding and mixing with herbs at a rate of 2% and fenugreek at 0.4%.The results showed that soaking activates the phytase enzyme, reducing phytates by 40-60% and enhancing the bioavailability of minerals, while also releasing beta-glucan responsible for lowering cholesterol and regulating blood sugar. Roasting leads to a reduction in bulk density by 47.8-59.1%, the formation of resistant starch by 15-25%, and an increase in antioxidant activity by 16.8-108.2% despite the reduction in phenols and flavonoids, due to the formation of Maillard reaction products. Dehulling contributes to the removal of antinutrients while preserving the aleurone layer rich in proteins and vitamins. Studies also show that Ammodaucus leucotrichus lowers blood sugar in animal models, while fenugreek reduces the glycemic index by 20-30%.Suwayqa combines culinary heritage with scientifically supported health benefits, being rich in fiber, improving digestion, supporting heart health, and regulating glucose levels, making it a distinguished example of functional foods that bridge authenticity and health benefits.
Using Marble Dust from the Wadi Al-Shati Area as a Filler Material in Hot Asphalt Mixtures
Urban expansion and industrial activities are associated with a significant increase in solid waste generation, which has become an environmental concern due to the difficulty of safe disposal and the high cost of treatment. Consequently, many studies have focused on reusing these wastes in various engineering applications, particularly in road construction. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using marble dust as a substitute for conventional filler in hot mix asphalt and to investigate its effect on the properties of the mixture in southern Libya. The reference mix was prepared after conducting the necessary tests on the mixture components and determining the optimum bitumen content. The conventional mineral filler content was 5.15% of the total weight of aggregates used in the asphalt mixture. The filler was then replaced with marble dust at different percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by weight. The results showed that the incorporation of marble dust had a positive effect on most asphalt mixture properties, as it increased density and stability while reducing air voids, with VMA values remaining within acceptable limits. It was also observed that higher replacement ratios (75%–100%) provided the best performance in terms of the balance between stiffness and flexibility. Furthermore, the findings indicated that marble dust can effectively function as a filler material without negatively affecting the performance of the asphalt mixture. It contributed to improved resistance to permanent deformation, reduced permeability, and enhanced internal cohesion, making it suitable for use in the hot and dry conditions of southern Libya. Based on these findings, it is recommended to adopt marble dust replacement ratios ranging from 75% to 100% as a substitute for conventional filler to achieve improved structural and economic performance of asphalt mixtures.
Grid Reliability Enhancement via PV-Diesel Hybrid System in Palestine: Load Flow Analysis and CO₂ Assessment
Since the majority of Palestine's electrical demands are met by imports, the country continues to struggle with energy supply security. Additionally, as cities and populations grow, so does the need for electricity, which results in frequent power outages that affect daily living and economic growth. In order to overcome this obstacle and improve energy security in the town of Ya'bad, a hybrid energy system that integrates diesel generators with solar photovoltaic systems is needed. In order to alleviate the scarcity of imported electricity, the management system was put into place in collaboration with the Ya'bad Electricity Company. The proposed system involves the design and implementation that combines solar cells and diesel generators. Solar cells are integrated into the electricity grid, thus providing an additional source of power. In the event of power outages or shortages of imported energy, diesel generators are activated to ensure a continuous electricity supply. This integrated approach improves the capacity of the electricity grid and also enables compensatory power generation via solar cells, mitigating the impact of reduced electricity consumption. Therefore, the system provides a sustainable strategy for enhancing energy reliability. As well stablish a robust and self-sufficient infrastructure for supplemental energy, reducing reliance on imported sources and promoting energy sustainability.
Performance Evaluation of a Standalone PV-Hydrogen Power System for Continuous Supply Reliability in Brack Al-Shatti
This study aims to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of a standalone (off-grid) energy system in Brack Al-Shatti, utilizing a green hydrogen production and recovery cycle as a long-duration energy storage solution, aligned with the National Vision 2050 and the Paris Climate Agreement. The methodology employs a precise energy balance integration, featuring a 511.1 MW photovoltaic field supplying a 198.4 MW electrolyzer, coupled with a hydrogen storage capacity of 20,704 m³ at an operating pressure of 100 bar. To ensure operational reliability and uninterruptible supply, the system is reinforced with a 171.5 MW fuel cell and a 227.5 kW Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination unit to provide the high-purity water essential for the electrochemical process. The results demonstrate the system’s capability to fully meet the target annual electrical load of 590,018 MWh with 100% self-reliance. Despite substantial capital expenditures (CAPEX) estimated between $1.52 and $2.96 billion, the financial analysis reveals a competitive Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of approximately $0.097/kWh when environmental credits are integrated. Environmentally, the system prevents the emission of 611,850 tons of CO2 annually, generating an indirect fiscal saving exceeding $52 million. The study concludes that the success of this model in Brack Alshatti serves as a cornerstone for transforming Southern Libya from an energy- consuming region into a regional hub for clean energy exportation, contingent upon global technology price flexibility and local logistical infrastructure development.
Techno-Economic-Energy-Environmental analysis
A Preliminary Survey of Some Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic Insect species in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar-Libya
The study aim to survey and identify aquatic and semi-aquatic insects from water sources located in the in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region of northeastern Libya, in order to understand its biodiversity and utilize it as a biological indicator of water quality, the work was completed between July 2023 and June 2024, excluding September and October when tornado Daniel blocked the road. During this study collected 20 species, 16 specimens which were completely identified to species, 4 specimens to the genus and 1 at the family, all of them belong to 16 families and 6 orders. The results indicated significant differences between the study sites, with the highest population density (42%) of aquatic and semi-aquatic insects recorded in waters Fountain of Apollo. The results showed a difference in insect population density according to the months of the study. The average number of insects increased by 91.3% in November at Ain Barghu compared to the other months of the study. Insect populations also increased significantly during March averaging 49.3 and 47.0, in April averaging 50.0 and 54.3 for Fountain of Apollo and Ain al-Hofra, respectively. The results also showed that Hydroptila sp. represent a new record for Libya. The study also included measuring water temperature, pH, and total dissolved solids at each site. The average water temperature ranged from 19 to 26, pH from 6.1 to 7.8, and total dissolved solids from 315 to 487 parts per million at Ain al-Hofra, Fountain Apollo and Ain Barghu.
AI-Based Monitoring of Solar Panels in Desert Environments: Distinguishing Dust Accumulation for Fault Detection
Dust accumulation on photovoltaic (PV) panels in arid and desert environments poses a significant challenge by degrading conversion efficiency and reducing overall energy yield. A comparative analysis was conducted using three supervised classifiers— ogistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP)—trained and tested on a dataset comprising 2,562 PV images (1,493 clean and 1,069 dusty) obtained from Kaggle, a widely used data science and machine learning platform. The proposed pipeline integrates robust image pre-processing steps, including resizing to 224 × 224 pixels, contrast enhancement via Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), and RGB normalization. Feature extraction yielded 28 engineered descriptors encompassing grayscale intensity statistics, RGB and HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color characteristics, edge-based morphology, and texture information. Experimental results indicate that the SVM classifier outperformed the other models, achieving a validation accuracy of 75.78% and a test accuracy of 74.07%, with balanced precision and recall values of 74.00% and 74.07%, respectively. Notably, the model demonstrated higher recall for clean panel detection (79%) compared to dusty panels (68%), highlighting the complexity associated with detecting varying degrees of soiling. Furthermore, the SVM achieved an area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.790 while maintaining low computational complexity. The results demonstrate that the proposed SVM-based approach is a practical and efficient solution for automated solar panel monitoring in desert environments, enabling timely maintenance and reducing energy losses.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Awareness Among Female Students at the Higher Institute of Medical Sciences and Technologies in Al-Khums, Libya
Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that targets cutaneous and mucosal cells. It is primarily associated with sexually transmitted infections and is a leading cause of cervical and anogenital malignancies. Objective: To evaluate the level of knowledge regarding HPV among female students at the Higher Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology in Al-Khums. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during October and November 2025, utilizing a convenience sampling technique and a self-administered questionnaire. The survey collected demographic data and assessed nine knowledge-based items. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27.Results: The findings revealed that while (59.8%) of students had heard of HPV, (66.5%) exhibited a low level of overall knowledge. Although (84.3%) recognized the link between the virus and cervical cancer, only (55.5%) correctly identified its transmission routes. Misconceptions were prevalent, with (59.8%) believing that infection is rare. Awareness of the vaccine was moderate (72.4%), yet knowledge regarding the optimal timing for vaccination remained low. No statistically significant correlation was found between the students' academic specialization and their level of knowledge. Conclusion: Significant knowledge gaps persist, hindering the adoption of effective preventive measures. The lack of understanding regarding transmission mechanisms and the misconception of low infection risk remain major challenges. These results underscore the urgent need for comprehensive awareness campaigns designed to enhance correct knowledge and rectify misconceptions among students.
Designing A Protective Case to Reduce Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted from Mobile Phones Using CST Software
In this paper, a Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) is designed for mobile applications. And to study the effect of incorporating a synthetic material shell that consists of 12 split ring resonator (SRR) cells, each cell containing two overlapping rings to improve safety from electromagnetic radiation. The free-space antenna performance was analyzed before and after shell integration, based on the key performance indicators reflection coefficient (S11), return wave ratio (VSWR), radiation efficiency, radiation pattern, placement of the phone next to a human head model to study electric field distribution and surface currents, and specific absorption rate (SAR) values. Simulation results showed that incorporating the enclosure did not negatively affect the antenna matching or radiation characteristics. The value of S11 remained below -10dB at the fundamental frequencies, at an operating frequency of 0.89GHz and a power supply of 0.5w. The value of SAR-1g decreased from 3.05 kg/w to 2.91 kg/w, a decrease of 4.6%. The value of SAR-10g decreased from 2.39 kg/w to 2.25 kg/w (a decrease of 5.9%). The results confirm that the incorporation of the 12-cell SRR material shell achieves an effective balance between reducing the specific absorption rate and maintaining antenna performance, making it a practical solution for improving electromagnetic safety in mobile phones.