Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (ISSN: 3006-0877) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality research in the fields of pure and applied sciences. Published biannually (two issues per year), the journal serves as a platform for researchers, scientists, and academics to share innovative findings and advancements in disciplines such as: Physical Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Earth Sciences) Biological Sciences (Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry) Mathematics & Statistics Environmental Sciences Computer Science & Information Technology Engineering & Technology (where applicable) Journal Mission The journal aims to promote scientific knowledge by publishing original research articles, reviews, and short communications that contribute to theoretical and practical developments in pure and applied sciences. It upholds rigorous peer-review standards to ensure the validity, significance, and originality of published work. Key Features Open Access: All articles are freely available to readers worldwide, ensuring broad dissemination of knowledge. Peer-Reviewed: Manuscripts undergo a double-blind review process by experts in the relevant fields. ISSN: Online ISSN 3006-0877 Frequency: Two issues per year (biannual). Indexing & Archiving: The journal is committed to being indexed in reputable databases to enhance visibility and impact. Article Processing Charge (Authors' Fees) This journal charges no authors' fees Article Submission Charge: 0.0 LD Article Processing Charge (APC): 0.0 LD WAUJPAS is run on a non-profit basis. Wadi Alshatti University covers 100% of the expenses of publishing Publisher The journal is published by Wadi Alshatti University, supporting the institution’s commitment to advancing scientific research and education in Libya and beyond. For inquiries, please contact the Editorial Office at [inf.wuj@wau.edu.ly].
This journal uses Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommerical 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Copyright of articles Authors retain copyright of their articles published in this journal.
Design and Analysis of an off-Grid PV/Wind/Battery/Diesel Generator Hybrid Renewable Power System for a Healthcare Facility in Gharyan, Libya
This paper studies the efficiency of the proposed grid-tied hybrid renewable energy generation system at a large hospital in Gharyan, Libya. As mentioned earlier, the combination of the Eocycle EO20 wind turbine system with the proposed system involves a solar PV system of 50 kWp. Here, the batteries serve as the energy storage element, while the diesel engine serves as the backup energy source in the event of breakdowns. The energy generated from the sunlight is 94,091 kWh/yr, while that obtained from turbines equals 131,203 kWh/yr. Speaking of economic aspects, it can be stated that the proposed system is highly efficient, which is proved by its low LCOE 0.47$/kWh) and NPC (5,061$/year). Concerning the ecological aspects, the reduction in CO₂ emissions amounts to 83,393 kg/yr = 83.4 tons/year and Avoided Carbon Cost 478 $/year. More precisely, all these emissions come from buying electricity, since no diesel engines were used in the entire process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Aisa, Sakhar Alharari, Ezzeddin Elarb, Yasser Nassar, Halla El-Khozondar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Heat on the Stability and Degradation of Vitamin C: A Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study
Vitamin C is an important antioxidant used extensively in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries for its vital biological functions. But it is extremely prone to heat, light and oxygen–resulting in quick degradation and loss of efficacy throughout processing and storage. In this study, the thermal degradation, kinetic and thermodynamic stability analysis of vitamin C at different temperature in aqueous solutions were evaluated by UV–VIS spectrophotometry. The feasibility was investigated for vitamin C solutions at concentrations of 0.8% and 0.6% (w/v), with temperatures from 25 to 45 °C, over a time span of 5 to 25 minutes. The λmax was at 285 nm, with a decreasing absorbance as the temperature and exposure time increased indicated an increment of thermal degradation. The degradation process was characterized by first-order kinetic at all temperatures studied. According to results, the activation energy values were determined as 84.35 and 94.05 kJ mol⁻¹ for solutions of 0.8% and 0.6%, respectively, which highlighted a strong temperature effect on the degradation rate. Thermodynamic parameters showed positive values for enthalpy and entropy, suggesting that the degradation process is endothermic (ΔH > 0) and favors disorder in their molecular surroundings. Moreover, Gibbs free energy decreased with increasing temperature that the degradation process was increasingly spontaneous at higher temperatures. Overall, the findings offer useful practical insights towards optimizing storage conditions, improving thermal processing methods and possibly designing packaging systems to enhance stability and shelf life of products containing vitamin C for industrial purposes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hajir Awadh, Nuri Abduali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization Study of Converting the Derna Steam Power Plant to a Combined Gas/Steam Cycle
Research efforts have switched to increasing the efficiency of systems that convert thermal energy into mechanical labor due to the rise in the cost of oil and fuel gas over the past 20 years and the risks of environmental contamination.. Combined gas/steam power plants (CGSPP) are becoming more widespread due to their excellent thermal efficiency, higher capacity, and low environmental impact. The current research focuses on the theoretical analysis of CGSPP, which uses a single-pressure heat recovery boiler without supplemental fire. A computer program for the studied combined cycle based on the burning of 1 kmoles of natural gas in the combustor of the gas turbine is built utilizing the conservation equations for mass and energy, as well as combustion calculations. Each component of the combined cycle is assigned a unique subprogram using Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The results reveal that the combined cycle's maximum efficiency may be obtained at around 47.24 ⸓ as long as the boiler pressure remains constant. Since improved combined-cycle efficiency is the goal, modest compressor pressure ratios must be used. At a high compressor pressure ratio, the boiler pressure must be reduced to maintain a positive temperature differential at the pinch point. To minimize a loss in combined cycle efficiency at high compressor pressure ratios, we propose using a dual-pressure boiler.
Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Adding Different Levels of Agricultural Sulfur and Fermented Sheep Residues on Readiness (N, P, K) in Soil and Their Concentration in Wheat Grains (Triticum aestivum L.) (Variety- Sham 6)
In the laboratories at Euphrates University- Faculty of Agriculture a pot experiment was conducted during the agricultural season (15/11/2023). The aim was to study the effect of varying levels of agricultural sulfur and fermented sheep manures on their readiness in soil and uptake (N, P, K) by field wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L.) (var-Sham 6) Agricultural sulfur (S95%) was applied at four levels (0,500, 1000 and 2000) kg S/ha and three levels of fermented. sheep manures bio-fertilizer (0, 10 and 20) tons/ha were applied: The highest readiness values of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur were achieved at the (2000) kg S/ha (S3) level of addition, the readiness of the element reached (14.79) mg/kg soil for nitrogen, (14.73) mg/kg soil for phosphorus, (273.14) mg/kg soil for potassium and (2273.01) mg/kg soil for sulfur.The amendment rate (20) tons/ha (M2) produced the highest available soil test values with (14.18) mg/kg soil N, (10.13) mg/g P and (271.50) mg/kg K and (1834.0) mg/kg sulfate in soil .Application of agricultural sulfur and fermented sheep waste at the highest levels resulted in a marked increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur concentrations in wheat grain seeds (variety- Sham 6), which were (2.810, 0.480, 0.275 and 0.393) % respectively. The interaction of the two factors (S3M2) produced the highest level of soil test availability (N-P-K-S), and the highest grain concentration of the same elements in wheat plants..The applying of treatment (S3M2) is of great importance in arid soil conditions in Syria and similar.
Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phosphorus Dynamics and Their Relationship with Soil Properties in Soils of Tasawa Agricultural Project, Fazzan-Libya
This study evaluates the influence of soil physicochemical properties on the distribution and dynamics of total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) in cultivated and uncultivated soils of the Tasawa agricultural project. Soil samples were collected from five cultivated circuits and three reference sites and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil texture, TP, and AP using standardized laboratory methods. Both cultivated and uncultivated soils exhibited slightly alkaline pH values (7.72–7.86), which provided a basis for interpreting other soil characteristics. EC was elevated in cultivated soils (234.44–311.15 mS/m) compared to reference soils (213.22 mS/m), suggesting increased ionic content associated with agricultural activity. OM content was also higher in cultivated soils (1.97–2.54%) than in reference soils (1.90%). CEC values were marginally lower in cultivated soils (18.35–20.60 meq/100 g) relative to the reference (21.39 meq/100 g). The soils were predominantly sandy (>82%), resulting in low nutrient retention and influencing phosphorus distribution. TP concentrations were higher in cultivated soils (36.99–96.00 mg/kg) than in reference soils (29.54 mg/kg). AP levels remained consistently low (1.95–4.49 mg/kg) across all samples, indicating substantial phosphorus fixation. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed significant positive correlations between OM and TP, sand and AP, and pH and AP. Principal component analysis (PCA) accounted for 72.93% of the total variance, identifying four principal components: soil texture, organic matter, mineral composition, and ionic environment. Cluster analysis confirmed the strong association between OM and TP, and emphasized the roles of soil texture and pH in determining phosphorus availability. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) among soil properties and phosphorus forms, whereas EC did not differ significantly. In summary, phosphorus behaviour in these soils is governed by the interactions among soil texture, pH, and organic matter. These results highlight the complexity of phosphorus dynamics in sandy arid soils.
Evaluation of the Inhibitory Activity of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Scale Leaves Against Some Fungi Belonging to the Genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor in Tripoli Markets, Libya
This study aimed to isolate and identify the fungal species responsible for the spoilage of onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.) and to evaluate the inhibitory potential of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of onion scale leaves as biological alternatives for fungal control. A total of 40 onion samples (20 red and 20 yellow) were collected from local markets in Tripoli, Libya, during the 2024-2025 period. Three scale leaf layers from each bulb were examined, and fungi were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA).The results revealed significant fungal diversity and variation in the number of isolates between the two onion types; yellow onions recorded 72 isolates compared to 47 isolates for red onions. The identified genera included Aspergillus, Mucor, and Penicillium, with Aspergillus being the most dominant, exceeding a 60% frequency rate. Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test confirmed significant differences (P-value < 0.05) in fungal distribution, proving greater susceptibility in yellow onions. Inhibitory Activity, Antifungal efficacy tests at concentrations of 3, 5, and 7 mg/mL showed that the alcoholic extract of red onion was superior against Aspergillus spp., achieving a 92.47% inhibition rate. Meanwhile, the alcoholic extract of yellow onion recorded the highest inhibition against Penicillium spp. at 77.13%. Conclusion, the study confirms the higher efficiency of alcoholic extracts compared to aqueous ones in extracting active compounds such as phenols and anthocyanins. These findings suggest promising prospects for using these extracts in post-harvest crop protection to reduce economic losses and improve the quality and safety of onion crops in the Libyan local markets.
Association of Bottle-Feeding and Maternal Behaviors with Early Childhood Caries among Preschool Children in Brack Al-Shatti, Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study
Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases among children worldwide. Its development is strongly associated with early-life behavioral and feeding practices, particularly bottle-feeding habits and maternal behaviors, which play a critical role in the initiation and progression of dental caries. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of (ECC) and examine its association with bottle-feeding practices and maternal behaviors among children in Brack Al-Shatti, Libya. A cross-sectional study was conducted between October and December 2025 involving 224 mother-child pairs. Data were collected using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire assessing Baseline Characteristics of the Study Populations, infant feeding practices, and oral hygiene behaviors. Early childhood caries was assessed through visual oral examination conducted by trained personnel. Associations were evaluated using Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression analysis, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The overall prevalence of ECC was 55.4%. Bivariate analysis revealed significant associations with adding sugar/honey to formula (p = 0.002), maternal pre-tasting (p = 0.002), nocturnal bottle-feeding (p = 0.004), and pacifier use (p = 0.020). Multivariable analysis identified adding sugar/honey to formula as the strongest independent risk factor (AOR = 3.63; 95% CI: 1.42–9.27; p = 0.007), followed by maternal pre-tasting (AOR = 2.05; p = 0.025) and nocturnal bottle-feeding (AOR = 2.05; p = 0.048). Protective factors included cleaning bottles before use (AOR = 0.41; p = 0.006) and cleaning the child's mouth after feeding (AOR = 0.34; p = 0.001). (ECC) is highly prevalent among children in Brack Al-Shatti and is significantly associated with modifiable maternal feeding behaviors. Preventive strategies should prioritize parental education on hygienic bottle-feeding practices, avoiding the addition of sugar to infant formula, and establishing early oral hygiene habits.
Evaluation of the Physical and Thermal Properties of Normal and Modified Black Raisins
The physical and thermal properties of black raisins within different moisture contents are important parameters during food processing. Some of the physical properties, namely moisture content, length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, cross-sectional area, bulk density, true density, porosity, and the thermal properties, included thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and specific heat, were determined at different percentages of total moisture (11.79% and 25.00% for black raisins). These physical and thermal properties are essential in determining the extent of compliance of raisin samples available in the Libyan market with the standard specifications for raisins. The results showed that there was a variation and significant differences in some physical properties of raisins when their moisture was modified. The results also showed a change in the values ​​of total and apparent density, porosity, and also the specific heat changed for black raisins were 3431.62 to 4070.72 j/kg.K) at different moisture levels. It is recommended studying the physical and thermal properties of raisin samples in different regions of the Libyan market.
Influence of Cathodic Polarization on Passive Film and Corrosion Behavior of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in 0.9% wt. NaCl
The influence of cathodic polarization on the electrochemical behavior of the passive film of stainless steels in physiological environments is significant. In such environments, hydrogen interactions and electrochemical modifications of this passive layer can directly affect the corrosion resistance and durability of these alloys. Although cathodic polarization has been widely studied regarding its effects on hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, the impact of such conditions on the electrical properties of the passive layer in physiological environments is inadequately researched. In this research the effects of cathodic polarization on the behavior of the passive film of 2205 duplex stainless steel in a 0.9% wt. NaCl solution were investigated. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Mott-Schottky analysis were used to study passive film stability, semiconductor properties, and corrosion resistance. Results revealed that cathodic polarization introduced hydrogen into the passive film, decreasing the flat band potential to –0.08 V vs. Ag/AgCl, as well as increasing the donor density to 3.6x1020 cm-3. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggested that the charge transfer resistance decreased, which is in good agreement with the passivity decay suggested by Mott-Schottky analysis. However, film thickness (1.9 nm) did not change, suggesting an electronic rather than structural changes in the passive film due to cathodic polarization. These findings highlighted the importance of understanding the trade-off between corrosion mitigation and hydrogen-induced film damage that might result from improper cathodic polarization practices.
Efficiency of Protein Extraction and Characterization from Selected Plant Sources in Misrata and their Applications in the Food Industry
Proteins are a fundamental pillar for achieving sustainable food security and can serve as a biological alternative to animal proteins. This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficiency of protein extraction and characterization methods from four plant sources: sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) and peas (Pasium sativum), sider fruits (Ziziphus lotus), and oats grain (Avena sativa). The methodology employed alkaline and aqueous extraction techniques, followed by precipitation at the isoelectric point (IEP) using precipitating agents such as ammonium sulfate, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and acetone. Analyses were conducted at the laboratories of the Faculty of Natural Environmental and Natural resource, University of Misurata, between 2022 and 2024. Methods were evaluated based on purity and yield criteria. Results indicated that alkaline extraction at pH 10-12 was the most efficient, with sesame seeds achieving the highest purity and yield, where the yield of the isolated protein ranged from 72-73 mg/g (wet weight). Furthermore, precipitation using TCA and acetone yielded higher protein productivity compared to ammonium sulfate (p<0.05). The study concludes that the efficiency of extraction and the functional properties of the protein isolate are closely linked to the plant source and extraction conditions, which enhances the potential for integrating these proteins into broad industrial and food applications.
A Comparison of Machine Learning Models for Stroke Risk Prediction
Stroke is a major cause of death and permanent disability globally. Effective preventive measures depend on early stroke risk prediction. This, study investigates a form of machine learning classifiers for predicting the risk of stroke and evaluates their performance in comparison to more conventional models, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Trees (DT), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting, and Genetic Programming (GP). A public dataset from DataHack comprising 4981 participants was used, with class imbalance addressed by using Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Techniques (SMOTE). The dataset was split into a training set with 80% and a testing set with 20%. According to the experimental results, all the proposed approaches performed well in all the presented categories. Moreover, the GP approach achieved the highest results among the proposed approaches, reaching 95.6% accuracy, a significant improvement over the 90% state-of-the-art accuracy. The GP approach delivers prediction accuracy by creating symbolic expressions that illustrate correlations between the probability of stroke and risk factors. This study highlights the potential of machine learning approaches in predictive healthcare applications while also emphasizing the need for improvements through hybrid approaches, parameter modifications, and practical medical integration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mona Aljero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Non-Profit Organizations in Promoting Environmental Awareness in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Region: A Case Study of Al Bayda City
The Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region is characterized by unique natural components and a sensitive environment that necessitates concerted efforts to preserve it and protect it from increasing environmental problems and challenges. Hence, the role of non-profit organizations emerges as a partner in developing environmental awareness in the community. This study aims to measure the level of environmental awareness among the residents of the Al-Jabal Al- khdar region, assess the extent of non-profit organizations' contribution to spreading and developing this awareness, identify the most prominent challenges they face, and analyze prevailing environmental values and attitudes. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and a quantitative approach through a questionnaire distributed to a random sample of (385) individuals. The results showed that the level of environmental awareness was moderate, tending towards low (1.81), while environmental values and attitudes recorded a high level (3.60). This indicates a gap between perception, awareness, and environmental behavior, meaning a theoretical value-based awareness that is not sufficiently reflected in the practical practices of community members. The study also revealed a severe deficiency in the role and effectiveness of environmental organizations, which was at a moderate level (1.95), with a statistically significant positive correlation between their role and the level of awareness (R=0.241). However, this impact remains limited; this was attributed to weak outreach, lack of funding, institutional support, and community participation. Statistical analyses also confirmed a weak correlation between the demographic characteristics of the respondents and their level of environmental awareness. The study concluded with key recommendations, including: enhancing the practical role of organizations and expanding the scope of their activities, providing financial support, and developing awareness activities by integrating environmental education into educational systems, establishing partnerships with educational institutions in universities, academies, and higher institutes to develop a joint research environment addressing environmental studies, and submitting annual reports to the community and decision-makers, as well as investing social media platforms in digital awareness campaigns, and moving towards practical programs aimed at changing individuals' environmental behavior.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Facile Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and its Enhancement in Some Cotton Fabric Properties
An eco-friendly and facile method has been used for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Ficus carica (Fig) extract. The aqueous extract of (Fig leaves) was used as a reducing and capping agent in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The characterization using XRD, SEM, FTIR confirms the preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles, ZnO NPs. The average particle size of the prepared ZnO nanoparticle was approximately 36.58 nm calculated from the XRD data. The prepared zinc oxide nanoparticles showed a spherical agglomerated porous nanostructure according to the SEM images. Further, cotton lawn fabrics were coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles via a simple technique using less chemicals, the coated cotton outperforms uncoated cotton in terms of thermal stability and abrasion resistance.
The Effect of Certain Fertilization Practices and Some Climatic Factors on Selected Morphological and Yield Traits of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L) Under Rainfed Condition
This study was conducted at the Salamiya Research Station – Hama Research Center during the 2021/2022 growing seasons to investigate the effects of different fertilization treatments—mineral fertilization using ammonium nitrate (33%), organic fertilization using fermented manure, and bio-fertilization using vetch seeds and some climatic factors on certain morphological and yield- elated traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. The results indicated a significant superiority of the organic fertilization treatment (fermented manure) across both growing seasons in the studied traits. The average number of grains per spike reached 42 in the first season and 27 in the second. A similar trend was observed for grain weight per spike in the second season, with an average of 0.57 g. In contrast, the highest value in the first season for grain weight per spike was recorded under bio-fertilization (2.80g). A significant difference was observed in the 1000-grain weight under bio-fertilization in both seasons, reaching 41.2 g in the first season and 21.9 g in the second. However, mineral fertilization showed the highest value for plant height in the first season, with an average of 77.1 cm. Regarding grain weight per spike, bio-fertilization recorded the highest values in the first season (2.8 g), and also maintained the highest average in the second season (0.57 g). In terms of total weight, the highest value in the first season was recorded under the mineral fertilization treatmen (687g), in the second growing season, however, the highest value was observed under the biofertilization treatment, with an average of (387g). In contrast, the control treatment showed the lowest significant values across all studied traits number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, plant height, total tiller number, grain weight per spike, and straw weight—during both growing seasons. It clearly showed the significant negative effect of the rise of micro and macro temperatures in the second growing season on the studied traits as compared to the first growing season.
Strategic Integration of Industry 4.0 and Iot for Enhancing Operational Performance and Sustainable Competitiveness in SMEs
The rapid emergence of Industry 4.0 (IR 4.0) has significantly transformed operations management by enabling the integration of Internet of Things (IoT), data analytics, and intelligent automation. While large organizations have successfully leveraged these technologies to enhance operational efficiency and competitiveness, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) continue to face challenges in translating digital adoption into measurable performance outcomes. This study critically examines the role of IoT in improving operational performance and sustainable competitiveness within SMEs. Drawing on operations strategy, business ecosystem theory, and technology adoption models, this report evaluates how IoT-driven systems enhance process efficiency, decision-making, and resource optimization. The findings indicate that while IoT technologies contribute to cost reduction, flexibility, and real-time operational control, their effectiveness is highly dependent on strategic alignment, organizational readiness, and governance mechanisms. Furthermore, the study highlights that digital transformation supports sustainability objectives, particularly SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), although it may also introduce new environmental and ethical challenges. Based on a critical and comparative analysis of real-world applications, including global firms and SMEs, this study proposes an integrated strategic framework that aligns operations strategy, digital technologies, sustainability, and governance. The report concludes with practical recommendations to guide SMEs in adopting Industry 4.0 technologies effectively while ensuring long-term operational excellence and responsible innovation.
Optimizing Project Management Practices in Healthcare Construction: An Evaluative Case Study of Zliten Central Hospital
The study aimed to evaluate project management practices and applications in executing health sector projects, specifically focusing on the maintenance and development project of Zliten Central Hospital as a case study. The research addresses a central problem: despite the significant evolution in mechanisms and techniques used by construction companies and consultancy firms to manage project execution, weaknesses in professional performance may still emerge. This deficiency is often associated with improper planning and a lack of precise understanding of engineering planning, leading to a loss of control over the essential components of project management. The study reached several key findings, most notably: The project management in the case study does not fully recognize the importance of applying engineering methods in project planning and management, which resulted in poor resource allocation, particularly time management. The findings indicate that implementing engineering management techniques leads to a reduction in project duration, as evidenced by the project time being shortened to 18 months instead of 22 months. Furthermore, the application of engineering management methods enhances project cost control through techniques such as Earned Value Management (EVM). The use of these methods shortens completion time without compromising cost or quality. Additionally, the network analysis technique contributed to defining project activities and reducing execution time, while the results highlighted that the Critical Path Method (CPM) remains one of the most successful tools for determining the overall project duration.
The Effect of Transport and Storage Conditions on the Viability of Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) Seeds Collectors
Grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) seeds are the fundamental element for ensuring the sustainability of coastal mangrove ecosystems, as they represent the sole means of propagation for this species. Consequently, their preservation is not merely an agricultural procedure but a vital investment in environmental and climate security. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of transport and storage conditions on the viability of Avicennia marina seeds by comparing three experimental treatments differing in transport duration, humidity, and aeration. Seeds were collected from the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Bahrain, undergoing standardized pre-treatments including soaking and hydration prior to their transfer to Libya. Treatment 1 (T1) involved placing seeds in airtight moist plastic bags to create anaerobic conditions, which resulted in root necrosis and 100% seed mortality. Treatment 2 (T2) subjected the seeds to desiccation for 72 hours, yielding a 50% germination success rate due to dehydration damage to the emerging radicles. Treatment 3 (T3) provided stable humidity and optimal aeration, achieving a 100% germination rate. Statistical validation using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed a highly significant effect of aeration, humidity, and desiccation on germination rates. The calculated F-value (60.00) significantly exceeded the critical value, indicating that the variance between treatments far outweighed any random intra-group variance. The p-value (< 0.0001), being substantially lower than the significance threshold (0.05), confirms a high statistical significance of humidity and aeration conditions on germination success. The study concludes that Avicennia marina seeds are acutely sensitive to the balance between moisture and oxygen. Anaerobic immersion or prolonged desiccation leads to a profound decline in seed viability and regenerative capacity.
Artificial Intelligence as a Driver of Transformation in Higher Education and Scientific Research in Morocco: An Analytical Study of Its Impact on University Performance and Sustainable Development
This study is situated within the context of the rapid digital transformations shaping the higher education sector, with a particular focus on the role of artificial intelligence in reshaping higher education and scientific research systems in Morocco. It aims to analyze the extent to which these technologies contribute to enhancing the quality of education, improving the efficiency of scientific research, and fostering innovation in pursuit of sustainable development goals. To achieve this objective, the study adopts an analytical approach based on a comprehensive review of recent scientific literature, as well as the analysis of relevant national and international reports and indicators. It also employs a comparative perspective to examine leading international experiences in the integration of artificial intelligence in higher education. The findings reveal that the integration of artificial intelligence significantly contributes to the development of interactive learning methods, the improvement of educational outcomes, and the strengthening of research capacities. However, this transformation faces several structural challenges, notably inadequate digital infrastructure, limited specialized skills, and the absence of a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework governing the use of these technologies. The study concludes that adopting a digital governance model grounded in strategic planning, strengthening investment in digital infrastructure, and developing human capital are essential to ensure the effective and sustainable integration of artificial intelligence within Morocco’s higher education system.
Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Analyzing the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for Idlib Governorate, Northwest Syria
This study highlights the advantages of topographic maps and demonstrates the role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques in cartographic analysis and representation. This allows for rapid, accurate, and diverse results that enhance understanding and clarity of the topographic landscape of the study area compared to traditional methods. The study aimed to represent the topographic characteristics of Idlib Governorate cartographically, including contour features, elevation values, surface features, and slope characteristics such as their degrees, directions, areas, curvature, hill shadows, and the network of watercourses. Using GIS techniques and application software such as ArcGIS 10.8 and Surfer 13, a set of maps was produced that are effective in development planning and serve as an aid to decision-makers in improving the study area. This study relied on the analysis of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the study area, revealing that it is characterized by a range of topographic features, including diverse terrain and varying elevations between 83 and 1108 meters above sea level. The general slope and prevailing water flow direction was found to be southeasterly, accounting for 17.9% of the total. Surface slopes ranged from 0 to 30°, and curvature ranged from -1° to +1.2°. The shadows cast by hills ranged from 0 to 180°, with the largest category (0-6°) representing 48.7% of the total. The surface is dissected by a number of temporary seasonal wadis (valleys) totaling approximately [number missing in original text]. (2357) valleys. A number of important and relevant findings and recommendations were presented.
The Reality of the Use of Artificial Intelligence and its Reflection on the Ethics of Scientific Research Among Researchers at the College of Education at the University of Damascus-Syria
The research aims to reveal the reality of the use of artificial intelligence and its reflection on the ethics of scientific research among researchers in the College of Education at the University of Damascus, as well as to reveal the significance of the differences between the averages of the answers of the research sample members to the two questionnaires on the reality of the use of artificial intelligence. The ethics of scientific research is due to the variable of the postgraduate stage. The descriptive correlational approach and the questionnaire were used as a tool for collecting data. The study sample consisted of (82) researchers from postgraduate students in the master’s and doctoral stages at the College of Education at the University of Damascus. The most important findings of the study are. The reality of using artificial intelligence in scientific research, from the point of view of researchers at the Faculty of Education at the University of Damascus, has reached a great degree. The degree of commitment of researchers at the Faculty of Education at the University of Damascus to the ethics of scientific research, from their point of view, was moderate. There is no statistically significant relationship at the significance level (0.05) between the reality of using artificial intelligence and the application of scientific research ethics from the point of view of the research sample members. There are statistically significant differences between the averages of the answers of the research sample members to the questionnaire about the reality of using artificial intelligence in scientific research due to the graduate stage variable, for the benefit of doctoral students. There are statistically significant differences between the averages of the research sample members’ answers to the scientific research ethics questionnaire due to the postgraduate stage variable, for the benefit of doctoral students
Ethics_researchers - scientific research
Patterns of Forced Displacement and Their Impact on Human Security in Libya: A Content Analysis of National and International Reports (2011–2025)
This study aims to analyze the patterns of forced displacement in Libya and its impact on human security during the period (2011- 025). The research employs a Content Analysis methodology, examining reports issued by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), alongside national reports. The study population encompasses Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) within major conflict and displacement hubs, specifically (Tripoli, Benghazi, Tawergha, and Derna). The findings indicate that current mitigation policies lack a sustainable strategic dimension aligned with the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Accordingly, the study recommends an urgent transition from immediate relief interventions to a comprehensive policy-based empowerment framework.
The Effect of Natural Pozzolana on Mitigating the Carbon Footprint of the Cement Industry and an Investigation into Its Influence on Enhancing Concrete Durability in Aggressive Environments
This research first examined the historical use of Pozzolana materials with lime since Roman times to improve the durability of structures. It then focused on studying mixtures of Portland cement (ordinary and sulfate-resistant) with natural Pozzolan available in Syria. Concrete samples were produced with varying percentages of cement replacement by Pozzolan (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) and were cured in different environments (water as a reference, and a concentrated nitric acid environment to simulate pollution). The samples were then tested at different ages (up to 180 days) to measure changes in weight, flexural tensile strength, and compressive strength.Natural Pozzolan also plays a significant role in reducing the carbon footprint of cement manufacturing, which is one of the main strategies for a more sustainable cement industry.The main results showed that Adding Pozzolan delays the setting time and reduces the heat of hydration of concrete, which is beneficial for mass concrete structures. In the water environment, the long-term compressive strength (180 days) of samples containing Pozzolan improved, approaching that of the reference samples. In the acidic environment, samples containing Pozzolan (especially at 20%) exhibited higher corrosion resistance and a noticeable improvement in tensile and compressive strength compared to the reference samples, which deteriorated significantly. Overall, Pozzolan enhanced the durability of concrete in aggressive environments, with a 20% replacement ratio demonstrating balanced and good performance. The study established statistical relationships that can be used to predict the behavior of Pozzolana concrete and confirms the feasibility of using these local materials to improve the durability of concrete structures.
The Role of Digital Transformation in Achieving Sustainable Development
Summary: The study aims to highlight the role of digital transformation in achieving sustainable development, in light of the impact of economic and political difficulties on development in Libyan society. It also seeks to highlight the role of digital transformation in developmental projects, and the extent of its impact in creating a shift at the economic level in the field of development. The study attempts to answer the main question, which is: what is the role of digital transformation in achieving sustainable development? The study was based on the functional perspective as its sociological approach and adopted the descriptive analytical method, by presenting the scientific material while observing the logical sequence of the topic’s elements, defining some related concepts, and then proceeding to present the other elements. The study relied on the method of comprehensive survey of all members of the study population, where data were collected using a questionnaire and processed using the statistical package (SPSS).
Copyright (c) 2026 The author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study of Some Hematological and Biochemical Variables in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis Attending Tasaawa Rural Hospital
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects multiple body systems, with its most severe impact commonly observed in the joints of the hands, wrists, feet, ankles, knees, shoulders, and elbows. This study was conducted at Tasaawa Rural Hospital and included non-pregnant women aged between 30 and 79 years. A total of 100 samples were collected. The results revealed that the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis among the studied population was 10%. A significant decrease was observed in hemoglobin levels and red blood cell counts, accompanied by an increase in red cell distribution width (RDW). However, no statistically significant differences were detected in the remaining hematological parameters. The findings also indicated that liver and kidney functions remained within normal ranges. No statistically significant differences were found in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, or creatinine levels. The study samples were further classified into three age groups: (30–39) years, (40–50) years, and (51–79) years. The results demonstrated statistically significant differences in platelet indices, including platelet distribution width (PDW) and plateletcrit (PCT), as well as in the two enzymes; ALP and ALT. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were observed in the other variables. Results showed a decrease in hemoglobin level and red blood cell counts, while white blood cell and platelet counts remained within normal limits. The study concluded that the percentage of sample positive for arthritis was 10% among the studied women. It also demonstrated decreased hemoglobin levels and red blood cell counts, along with an increased RDW, while no statistically significant differences were observed in other parameters. Additionally, it showed that liver and kidney function tests remained within normal ranges.
The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Renal Function: Assessment Using the CKD-EPI 2021 Equation in Derna City, Libya
Long‑standing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor for diabetic kidney disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD), yet early diagnosis remains difficult because serum creatinine often stays normal until substantial renal tissue is lost. Local data in Derna, Libya, are scarce. This case‑control study evaluated the CKD‑EPI 2021 race‑free equation for early detection of renal impairment in 77 T2DM patients and 20 healthy controls recruited from the Cardiac and Diabetes Center in Derna. Fasting glucose, HbA1c, serum urea, and serum creatinine were measured, and eGFR was calculated using the 2021 equation. Diabetic patients had significantly lower eGFR than controls (98.5 ± 12.8 vs. 112.8 ± 11.4 mL/min/1.73 m²; p < 0.001). 13.0% of patients were in Stage 2–3 CKD despite normal creatinine values. Age was the strongest predictor of eGFR decline (r = −0.654; p < 0.001), while HbA1c showed no cross‑sectional correlation (r = −0.062; p = 0.592). Smoking status did not influence eGFR in either group. These findings demonstrate that the CKD‑EPI 2021 equation unmasks early renal impairment missed by creatinine alone and support routine eGFR reporting, particularly for older patients, in Libyan diabetes care.
Assessment of the Condition of the Flexible Pavement of Brack Alshatti Airport Road Using the Paver System
This study aims to facilitate the decision-making process for managing a section of the road network in Brack. Recent advances in Web GIS technologies have enabled road authorities to adopt cost-effective solutions for efficient road network management. This study aims to evaluate the flexible pavement condition of a selected road network using the PAVER pavement management system based on the Pavement Condition Index (PCI). The goal is to provide an accurate database to support preventive and structural maintenance decisions. PAVER is one of the most widely used systems for pavement evaluation, offering a standardized methodology based on ASTM D6433 for identifying pavement defects, determining the severity and extent of each defect, and then calculating the PCI value for each section. In this study, the road network was divided into homogeneous evaluation sections. A visual field survey was then conducted to identify the most common surface defects, such as block cracking, longitudinal and transverse cracks, patching, potholes, and raveling. The data was then entered into the PAVER software to determine the PCI value for each section. The results showed that the AT-A section index was 53, the AT-B section index was 84, the AT-C section index was 93, the BA-A section index was 54, and the BA-B section index was 59. The analysis revealed a clear relationship between the road's operational lifespan and the deterioration of the PCI value, in addition to the impact of excessive axle loads and insufficient periodic maintenance. The study also proposed an optimal Maintenance and Repair Plan (M&R Plan) based on treatment priorities and maintenance costs, including: preventive maintenance for good sections, intermediate repairs for deteriorated sections, and rehabilitation for sections classified as "very poor." The study confirms that using the PAVER system provides a precise scientific method for pavement management and identifying actual maintenance needs, contributing to reduced maintenance costs and improved road service levels. The study recommends the periodic updating of network data and the implementation of automated surveying techniques to enhance future assessment accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abuazoum Awidat, Omar Darwish, Masoud Fekroun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Serum Tumor Markers CA15-3 and CEA for Early Breast Cancer Detection in a Low-Resource Population: A Cross-Sectional Study from Al-Jufra, Libya
This study aimed to evaluate the role of the tumor markers CA15-3 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in contributing to the early detection of breast cancer among women in Al-Jufra Municipality. The data of this study were extracted from 92 women diagnosed with breast cancer and control group of 10 healthy women. Demographic and clinical data were collected, serum levels of CA15-3 and CEA were measured using the Cobas e 411 Analyzer. Data were analyzed using the Independent Samples t-test. The results demonstrated a significant increase in both CA15-3 and CEA levels in the patients compared with the control group. The mean CA15-3 level was 43.02 U/mL versus 6.19 U/mL in control group (p< 0.001), while the mean CEA level was 6.88 ng/mL in the patient compared with 1.78 ng/mL in controls (p< 0.001). Following treatment, CA15-3 levels showed a significant reduction, with a mean value of 19.33 U/mL (p< 0.001). Nevertheless, CA15-3 levels remained significantly higher than those observed in the control group (p < 0.01). In contrast, CEA levels did not exhibit a significant decrease after treatment (p = 0.965), compared with the control group after treatment (p = 0.096). The study concludes that CA15-3 was a potential marker for the presence of breast cancer and for evaluating treatment effectiveness compared to CEA marker. These findings highlight the potential role of CA15-3 serum tumor markers as supportive tools in breast cancer management in low-resource settings. Further studies using large sample sizes are needed.
Potential Therapeutic Effects of Juniperus phoenicea Extract Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Injury in Male Mice: Histopathological and Ultrastructural Evidence
This study investigated the potential therapeutic effect of the aqueous extract of Juniperus phoenicea against ethanol-induced gastric injury in male Swiss albino mice. Sixty adult mice were randomly allocated into four groups: control, ethanol-treated, extract-treated, and ethanol + extract-treated groups. Gastric injury was induced by oral administration of absolute ethanol (1 mL/kg) on alternate days, while the plant extract was administered orally at a dose of 40 mg/kg daily for seven consecutive days. Ethanol exposure caused marked gastric damage characterized by epithelial erosion, vascular congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, and disruption of normal mucosal architecture. In addition, ethanol-treated animals showed reduced body weight gain and alterations in hematological parameters. In contrast, treatment with J. phoenicea extract significantly improved gastric tissue structure, reduced inflammatory changes, and promoted restoration of epithelial organization. The treated group also demonstrated improvement in body weight and partial normalization of hematological indices. Ultrastructural examination confirmed recovery of cellular integrity, including restoration of mitochondria, secretory granules, and rough endoplasmic reticulum in gastric epithelial cells. These findings suggest that the aqueous extract of J. phoenicea possesses promising therapeutic activity against ethanol-induced gastric injury, possibly through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tissue regenerative mechanisms. Further studies are recommended to identify its active constituents and evaluate its clinical applicability.
The Effect of Replacing Defatted Soybean Flour on the Chemical Composition and Sensory Properties of Arabic (Shami) Bread
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing defatted soybean flour and to determine the best added proportions of soybean flour and its effect on the chemical compositions of Arabic (Shami) bread samples, as well as its effect on the sensory evaluation of the loaf of bread produced from the flour. The potential to improve bread quality in terms of increasing the nutritional value (proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals), improving the amino acid balance, and enhancing the sensory properties of bread loaves was explored. Partial replacement of wheat flour with defatted soybean flour at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the total flour weight was used to obtain composite bread samples. Several tests were conducted on the bread, including tests to determine the chemical composition and tests to assess the sensory properties of the bread. The experiment was designed according to a completely randomized design (CRD), and the Duncan multiple range test was used to determine significant differences between the means of the different treatments at a probability level of ≤ 0.01. The results of chemical tests of bread samples produced and partially replaced with soybean flour at rates of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% showed a significant increase in the percentage of moisture, protein, ash and fat compared to the control sample (0%), which was accompanied by a significant decrease in the percentage of carbohydrates as the percentage of substitution increased. Meanwhile, the results of sensory evaluation of Arabic (Shami) bread samples showed The product with substitution ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, that the best acceptance in terms of the total average of the sensory evaluation factors mentioned above was for the two types of bread with a substitution ratio of 15% (51.20) points compared to the control sample which was (48.91) points out of the general average of the total which is 63 points. This resulted in the development of a new product of Arabic (Shami) bread loaf with a good chemical composition, sensory properties and high nutritional value.
Concise Comparative Study of Economic Dispatch of Electrical Power Systems
Economic Dispatch (ED) is currently essential for operating electrical power systems globally, including offline Microgrids (MGs). ED ensures the stability and continuity of the electrical power system supply while keeping generating costs as low as possible. Identifying a generic solution for ED is usually complicated, as the operating conditions vary from one power system to another. Numerous solutions for ED have been documented in the literature involving conventional computation techniques, metaheuristic optimizations, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. A general review of such literature is lacking; a review could guide the researchers and engineers in the field of ED. This article comprehensively reviews ED while identifying the most prominent parameters, including transmission losses, emissions, renewable energies, and operating constraints. The article basically clarifies the research gap while comparing the different reported solutions, starting from standard techniques up to AI approaches, in a simple and concise fashion. Several comparisons are provided in the article to direct and guide the interested reader straightforwardly. For the proposed case study, Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) achieves the lowest total cost, outperforming Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) by 0.01% and 1.05%, respectively. It also exhibits markedly improved robustness, with reductions of 96.11% and 99.99% in the confidence interval, and 96.13% and 99.97% in the standard deviation, relative to PSO and GA.