Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
type: channel
description: Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (ISSN: 3006-0877) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality research in the fields of pure and applied sciences. Published biannually (two issues per year), the journal serves as a platform for researchers, scientists, and academics to share innovative findings and advancements in disciplines such as: Physical Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Earth Sciences) Biological Sciences (Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry) Mathematics & Statistics Environmental Sciences Computer Science & Information Technology Engineering & Technology (where applicable) Journal Mission The journal aims to promote scientific knowledge by publishing original research articles, reviews, and short communications that contribute to theoretical and practical developments in pure and applied sciences. It upholds rigorous peer-review standards to ensure the validity, significance, and originality of published work. Key Features Open Access: All articles are freely available to readers worldwide, ensuring broad dissemination of knowledge. Peer-Reviewed: Manuscripts undergo a double-blind review process by experts in the relevant fields. ISSN: Online ISSN 3006-0877 Frequency: Two issues per year (biannual). Indexing & Archiving: The journal is committed to being indexed in reputable databases to enhance visibility and impact. Article Processing Charge (Authors' Fees) This journal charges no authors' fees Article Submission Charge: 0.0 LD Article Processing Charge (APC): 0.0 LD WAUJPAS is run on a non-profit basis. Wadi Alshatti University covers 100% of the expenses of publishing Publisher The journal is published by Wadi Alshatti University, supporting the institution’s commitment to advancing scientific research and education in Libya and beyond. For inquiries, please contact the Editorial Office at [inf.wuj@wau.edu.ly].
publisher: جامعة وادي الشاطئ
language: en
publication name: Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
issn: 3006-0877
copyright: This journal uses Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommerical 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Copyright of articles Authors retain copyright of their articles published in this journal.
items: Potential Therapeutic Effects of Juniperus phoenicea Extract Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Injury in Male Mice: Histopathological and Ultrastructural Evidence
items: The Effect of Replacing Defatted Soybean Flour on the Chemical Composition and Sensory Properties of Arabic (Shami) Bread
items: Concise Comparative Study of Economic Dispatch of Electrical Power Systems
items: Modeling and Simulation to Evaluate the Specific Absorption and Thermal Effect of Antennas Coated with Various Biomaterials
items: Dual-Fluid Compressed Air Energy Storage for Renewable Integration: Thermodynamic Modeling and Performance Evaluation
items: Traditional Processing Methods in the Preparation of Libyan Suwayqa and Their Scientific Evidence
items: Using Marble Dust from the Wadi Al-Shati Area as a Filler Material in Hot Asphalt Mixtures
items: Enhancing Grid Reliability through Solar and Diesel Integration: A Sustainable Energy Management in Palestine
items: Performance Evaluation of a Standalone PV-Hydrogen Power System for Continuous Supply Reliability in Brack Al-Shatti
items: A Preliminary Survey of Some Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic Insect species in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar-Libya
items: AI-Based Monitoring of Solar Panels in Desert Environments: Distinguishing Dust Accumulation for Fault Detection
items: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Awareness Among Female Students at the Higher Institute of Medical Sciences and Technologies in Al-Khums, Libya
items: Designing A Protective Case to Reduce Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted from Mobile Phones Using CST Software
items: Bernstein Polynomials for Solving Some Classes of Abel’s Integral Equations with Weakly-Singular Kernels
items: The Potential Usage of Chickpea and Flaxseed Flours in Enhancing the Nutritional Value and Functional Properties of Gluten Free Flour
items: Deep Learning and Bioengineered Feature Engineering for Automated Taxonomic Identification of Mediterranean and Atlantic Demospongiae
items: The Relationship Between Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection and Insulin Resistance (IR)
items: Study and Design Multiband MPA Antenna for Smart Phones
items: Nuclear Plants Trends for Development Planning in Egypt
items: https://waujpas.com/index.php/journal/article/view/332
items: Hybrid Matrix-Ensemble Framework for Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis
items: Leveraging Hydrogen for Covering Energy Shortage in an Electricity Subgrid
items: The Role of Using Computer Applications in the Development of Media Work
items: Histological Effects of Ziziphus spina-christi Leaf Extract on Testes and Epididymides in Male Rabbits
items: Modeling A 600 MW Floating Photovoltaic System in Al-Khums city, Libya: Performance Analysis and Implementation Using PVSyst
items: Comparative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Coffee Prepared by American and Arabic Brewing Methods
items: Modelling and Stability Analysis of (TIV) System Using Lyapunov Function
items: Energy and Exergy Analysis of an Al-Hussein Steam Power Plant in Jordan Using Engineering Equation Solver (EES)
items: Wheat Fungal Diseases: A Review
items: Techno-Economic Feasibility of Parabolic Trough Solar Steam for Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery

Potential Therapeutic Effects of Juniperus phoenicea Extract Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Injury in Male Mice: Histopathological and Ultrastructural Evidence
type: item
description: This study investigated the potential therapeutic effect of the aqueous extract of Juniperus phoenicea against ethanol-induced gastric injury in male Swiss albino mice. Sixty adult mice were randomly allocated into four groups: control, ethanol-treated, extract-treated, and ethanol + extract-treated groups. Gastric injury was induced by oral administration of absolute ethanol (1 mL/kg) on alternate days, while the plant extract was administered orally at a dose of 40 mg/kg daily for seven consecutive days. Ethanol exposure caused marked gastric damage characterized by epithelial erosion, vascular congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, and disruption of normal mucosal architecture. In addition, ethanol-treated animals showed reduced body weight gain and alterations in hematological parameters. In contrast, treatment with J. phoenicea extract significantly improved gastric tissue structure, reduced inflammatory changes, and promoted restoration of epithelial organization. The treated group also demonstrated improvement in body weight and partial normalization of hematological indices. Ultrastructural examination confirmed recovery of cellular integrity, including restoration of mitochondria, secretory granules, and rough endoplasmic reticulum in gastric epithelial cells. These findings suggest that the aqueous extract of J. phoenicea possesses promising therapeutic activity against ethanol-induced gastric injury, possibly through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tissue regenerative mechanisms. Further studies are recommended to identify its active constituents and evaluate its clinical applicability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Juniperus phoenicea
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethanol
  topic: keywords
subject: Gastric ulcer
  topic: keywords
subject: Therapeutic effect
  topic: keywords
subject: Cytology
  topic: keywords
subject: Histopathology
  topic: keywords
creator: Aglal Alzergy
creator: Saad El-Gharabawy
creator: Hanan Moftah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-27
publication date: 2026-04-27
starting page: 421
ending page: 428
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_46

The Effect of Replacing Defatted Soybean Flour on the Chemical Composition and Sensory Properties of Arabic (Shami) Bread
type: item
description: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing defatted soybean flour and to determine the best added proportions of soybean flour and its effect on the chemical compositions of Arabic (Shami) bread samples, as well as its effect on the sensory evaluation of the loaf of bread produced from the flour. The potential to improve bread quality in terms of increasing the nutritional value (proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals), improving the amino acid balance, and enhancing the sensory properties of bread loaves was explored. Partial replacement of wheat flour with defatted soybean flour at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the total flour weight was used to obtain composite bread samples. Several tests were conducted on the bread, including tests to determine the chemical composition and tests to assess the sensory properties of the bread. The experiment was designed according to a completely randomized design (CRD), and the Duncan multiple range test was used to determine significant differences between the means of the different treatments at a probability level of ≤ 0.01. The results of chemical tests of bread samples produced and partially replaced with soybean flour at rates of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% showed a significant increase in the percentage of moisture, protein, ash and fat compared to the control sample (0%), which was accompanied by a significant decrease in the percentage of carbohydrates as the percentage of substitution increased. Meanwhile, the results of sensory evaluation of Arabic (Shami) bread samples showed The product with substitution ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, that the best acceptance in terms of the total average of the sensory evaluation factors mentioned above was for the two types of bread with a substitution ratio of 15% (51.20) points compared to the control sample which was (48.91) points out of the general average of the total which is 63 points. This resulted in the development of a new product of Arabic (Shami) bread …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Defatted soybeans
  topic: keywords
subject: Bread flour
  topic: keywords
subject: Arabic bread (Shami)
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemical composition
  topic: keywords
subject: Sensory properties
  topic: keywords
creator: Majed Maaew
creator: Ali Ghania
creator: Ahmeda Alzagtat
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-26
publication date: 2026-04-26
starting page: 414
ending page: 420
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_45

Concise Comparative Study of Economic Dispatch of Electrical Power Systems
type: item
description: Economic Dispatch (ED) is currently essential for operating electrical power systems globally, including offline Microgrids (MGs). ED ensures the stability and continuity of the electrical power system supply while keeping generating costs as low as possible. Identifying a generic solution for ED is usually complicated, as the operating conditions vary from one power system to another. Numerous solutions for ED have been documented in the literature involving conventional computation techniques, metaheuristic optimizations, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. A general review of such literature is lacking; a review could guide the researchers and engineers in the field of ED. This article comprehensively reviews ED while identifying the most prominent parameters, including transmission losses, emissions, renewable energies, and operating constraints. The article basically clarifies the research gap while comparing the different reported solutions, starting from standard techniques up to AI approaches, in a simple and concise fashion. Several comparisons are provided in the article to direct and guide the interested reader straightforwardly. For the proposed case study, Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) achieves the lowest total cost, outperforming Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) by 0.01% and 1.05%, respectively. It also exhibits markedly improved robustness, with reductions of 96.11% and 99.99% in the confidence interval, and 96.13% and 99.97% in the standard deviation, relative to PSO and GA.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Economic dispatch
  topic: keywords
subject: Electrical power system
  topic: keywords
subject: Optimization methods
  topic: keywords
subject: AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy sources
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahmoud Mohamed
creator: Ali Yousef
creator: Ahmed Hafez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
starting page: 404
ending page: 413
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_44

Modeling and Simulation to Evaluate the Specific Absorption and Thermal Effect of Antennas Coated with Various Biomaterials
type: item
description: Antennas are essential elements in medical communications systems, but their use poses significant challenges related to electromagnetic and thermal safety. Reducing the specific energy absorption rate (SAR) and limiting thermal rise are basic requirements to ensure the safety of these systems. In this work, analyze and evaluate the effect of coated biomaterials on the electromagnetic and thermal performance of an implanted antenna operating at 2.44 GHz, taking into account different body compositions. The analysis included four coating cases no coating, PDMS coating, PDMS + Graphene composite coating, and PDMS + Ferrite composite coating, at different PDMS layer thicknesses. It is focused on analyzing and evaluating the reflection coefficient, specific absorption rate, and steady-state thermal rise. The analysis was done by simulating the antenna model and adding complementary elements to it, and from the results it can be said that the PDMS + Graphene composite coating leads to an almost complete decrease in the SAR values of 0.18 W/kg at BMI = 17, W/kg 0.01 at BMI = 22, and 0.07 W/kg at BMI = 27 across all BMI values, but this decrease results from a very high reflection of electromagnetic energy, which indicates weak coupling. Electromagnetic and low radiation efficiency, and the PDMS + Ferrite composite coating achieved the best balance between safety and efficiency, recording a realistic and significant reduction of 0.18 kg ≈ SAR at BMI = 17, 0.01 W/kg ≈ SAR at BMI = 22, and W/kg ≈ 0.07 at BMI = 27.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Specific absorption rate (SAR)
  topic: keywords
subject: Body mass index (BMI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Reflection coefficient
  topic: keywords
subject: Implantable antennas
  topic: keywords
subject: Graphene
  topic: keywords
creator: Rasim Amer
creator: Noor Alkilani
creator: Lalla Mustafa
creator: Fatima Enwayes
creator: Taqwa Alhadad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
starting page: 397
ending page: 403
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_43

Dual-Fluid Compressed Air Energy Storage for Renewable Integration: Thermodynamic Modeling and Performance Evaluation
type: item
description: he increasing use of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar introduces fluctuations that make it more difficult to maintain a continuous balance between electricity generation and consumption. Energy storage systems play a critical role in addressing this challenge by storing excess energy and supplying it when needed. In this study, a hybrid storage approach known as Dual-Fluid Energy Storage (DFES) is investigated. The system combines compressed air with a water-based hydraulic mechanism, where energy is recovered through a Pelton turbine. A thermodynamic model based on polytropic behavior was developed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to analyze system performance under various operating conditions. The results show that a storage tank with a volume of 10 m³ at a pressure of 10 atm can provide an output of 100 kW for about 30 minutes, or maintain 10 kW for nearly 7 hours. When system losses are considered, the overall efficiency is calculated to be approximately 64%. The analysis also reveals that an initial water fill level of around 52% yields the highest usable energy, and this value remains largely unaffected by changes in pressure. In comparison with conventional hydraulic accumulators of similar size, the proposed system offers a significantly higher energy storage capacity per unit volume. These findings highlight the potential of hybrid compressed air systems and suggest the need for further experimental investigation and economic evaluation to assess their practical applicability in renewable energy systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Compressed air energy storage
  topic: keywords
subject: Dual fluid system
  topic: keywords
subject: Dynamic simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Round trip efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable integration
  topic: keywords
creator: Salem Baitalmal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salem Baitalmal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-02
publication date: 2026-05-02
starting page: 429
ending page: 435
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_47

Traditional Processing Methods in the Preparation of Libyan Suwayqa and Their Scientific Evidence
type: item
description: This paper documents and analyzes the traditional practices of preparing Libyan "Suwayqa" and aims to decode the underlying nutritional wisdom inherited in its preparation, through a methodology that combines ethnographic documentation and a systematic review of scientific literature. Suwayqa is a traditional dish based on roasted and ground barley mixed with olive oil and medicinal herbs. Its preparation stages include soaking in a saline solution (10-12 hours), sand roasting (280°C for 20 seconds), dehulling, then grinding and mixing with herbs at a rate of 2% and fenugreek at 0.4%.The results showed that soaking activates the phytase enzyme, reducing phytates by 40-60% and enhancing the bioavailability of minerals, while also releasing beta-glucan responsible for lowering cholesterol and regulating blood sugar. Roasting leads to a reduction in bulk density by 47.8-59.1%, the formation of resistant starch by 15-25%, and an increase in antioxidant activity by 16.8-108.2% despite the reduction in phenols and flavonoids, due to the formation of Maillard reaction products. Dehulling contributes to the removal of antinutrients while preserving the aleurone layer rich in proteins and vitamins. Studies also show that Ammodaucus leucotrichus lowers blood sugar in animal models, while fenugreek reduces the glycemic index by 20-30%.Suwayqa combines culinary heritage with scientifically supported health benefits, being rich in fiber, improving digestion, supporting heart health, and regulating glucose levels, making it a distinguished example of functional foods that bridge authenticity and health benefits.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Barley
  topic: keywords
subject: Suwayqa
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Roasting
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional food
  topic: keywords
creator: Abobakr Abobakr
creator: Ali Elgerbi
creator: Muna Ilowefah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-21
publication date: 2026-04-21
starting page: 387
ending page: 396
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_42

Using Marble Dust from the Wadi Al-Shati Area as a Filler Material in Hot Asphalt Mixtures
type: item
description: Urban expansion and industrial activities are associated with a significant increase in solid waste generation, which has become an environmental concern due to the difficulty of safe disposal and the high cost of treatment. Consequently, many studies have focused on reusing these wastes in various engineering applications, particularly in road construction. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using marble dust as a substitute for conventional filler in hot mix asphalt and to investigate its effect on the properties of the mixture in southern Libya. The reference mix was prepared after conducting the necessary tests on the mixture components and determining the optimum bitumen content. The conventional mineral filler content was 5.15% of the total weight of aggregates used in the asphalt mixture. The filler was then replaced with marble dust at different percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by weight. The results showed that the incorporation of marble dust had a positive effect on most asphalt mixture properties, as it increased density and stability while reducing air voids, with VMA values remaining within acceptable limits. It was also observed that higher replacement ratios (75%–100%) provided the best performance in terms of the balance between stiffness and flexibility. Furthermore, the findings indicated that marble dust can effectively function as a filler material without negatively affecting the performance of the asphalt mixture. It contributed to improved resistance to permanent deformation, reduced permeability, and enhanced internal cohesion, making it suitable for use in the hot and dry conditions of southern Libya. Based on these findings, it is recommended to adopt marble dust replacement ratios ranging from 75% to 100% as a substitute for conventional filler to achieve improved structural and economic performance of asphalt mixtures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Marble Dust
  topic: keywords
subject: Asphalt Mixtures
  topic: keywords
subject: Industrial Waste Recycling
  topic: keywords
subject: Highway Engineering
  topic: keywords
subject: Marble Quarry Waste
  topic: keywords
creator: Basel Younes
creator: Manssour Bin Miskeen
creator: Masoud Fekroun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-20
publication date: 2026-04-20
starting page: 377
ending page: 386
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_41

Enhancing Grid Reliability through Solar and Diesel Integration: A Sustainable Energy Management in Palestine
type: item
description: Since the majority of Palestine's electrical demands are met by imports, the country continues to struggle with energy supply security. Additionally, as cities and populations grow, so does the need for electricity, which results in frequent power outages that affect daily living and economic growth. In order to overcome this obstacle and improve energy security in the town of Ya'bad, a hybrid energy system that integrates diesel generators with solar photovoltaic systems is needed. In order to alleviate the scarcity of imported electricity, the management system was put into place in collaboration with the Ya'bad Electricity Company. The proposed system involves the design and implementation that combines solar cells and diesel generators. Solar cells are integrated into the electricity grid, thus providing an additional source of power. In the event of power outages or shortages of imported energy, diesel generators are activated to ensure a continuous electricity supply. This integrated approach improves the capacity of the electricity grid and also enables compensatory power generation via solar cells, mitigating the impact of reduced electricity consumption. Therefore, the system provides a sustainable strategy for enhancing energy reliability. As well stablish a robust and self-sufficient infrastructure for supplemental energy, reducing reliance on imported sources and promoting energy sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hybrid
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy management
  topic: keywords
subject: PV
  topic: keywords
subject: Diesel generators
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Grid reliability
  topic: keywords
subject: Load flow analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Wael Salah
creator: Anees Abu Sneineh
creator: Mohamed Elnaggar
creator: Hala J. El-Khozondar
creator: Yasser F. Nassar
creator: Alfian Ma'arif
creator: Mohammed J.K. Bashir
creator: Mai Abuhelwa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 436
ending page: 452
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_48

Performance Evaluation of a Standalone PV-Hydrogen Power System for Continuous Supply Reliability in Brack Al-Shatti
type: item
description: This study aims to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of a standalone (off-grid) energy system in Brack Al-Shatti, utilizing a green hydrogen production and recovery cycle as a long-duration energy storage solution, aligned with the National Vision 2050 and the Paris Climate Agreement. The methodology employs a precise energy balance integration, featuring a 511.1 MW photovoltaic field supplying a 198.4 MW electrolyzer, coupled with a hydrogen storage capacity of 20,704 m³ at an operating pressure of 100 bar. To ensure operational reliability and uninterruptible supply, the system is reinforced with a 171.5 MW fuel cell and a 227.5 kW Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination unit to provide the high-purity water essential for the electrochemical process. The results demonstrate the system’s capability to fully meet the target annual electrical load of 590,018 MWh with 100% self-reliance. Despite substantial capital expenditures (CAPEX) estimated between $1.52 and $2.96 billion, the financial analysis reveals a competitive Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of approximately $0.097/kWh when environmental credits are integrated. Environmentally, the system prevents the emission of 611,850 tons of CO2 annually, generating an indirect fiscal saving exceeding $52 million. The study concludes that the success of this model in Brack Alshatti serves as a cornerstone for transforming Southern Libya from an energy- consuming region into a regional hub for clean energy exportation, contingent upon global technology price flexibility and local logistical infrastructure development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Green hydrogen
  topic: keywords
subject: Standalone PV systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy storage
  topic: keywords
subject: Techno-Economic-Energy-Environmental analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: CO2 footprint mitigation
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Elsadic Salim
creator: Alfaitory Astel
creator: Ibrahim Latiwash
creator: Massoud Fakher
creator: Mukhtar Irhouma
creator: Suliman Ahmad
creator: Abduallah Abduallah
creator: Yasser Nassar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-19
publication date: 2026-04-19
starting page: 362
ending page: 376
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_40

A Preliminary Survey of Some Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic Insect species in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar-Libya
type: item
description: The study aim to survey and identify aquatic and semi-aquatic insects from water sources located in the in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region of northeastern Libya, in order to understand its biodiversity and utilize it as a biological indicator of water quality, the work was completed between July 2023 and June 2024, excluding September and October when tornado Daniel blocked the road. During this study collected 20 species, 16 specimens which were completely identified to species, 4 specimens to the genus and 1 at the family, all of them belong to 16 families and 6 orders. The results indicated significant differences between the study sites, with the highest population density (42%) of aquatic and semi-aquatic insects recorded in waters Fountain of Apollo. The results showed a difference in insect population density according to the months of the study. The average number of insects increased by 91.3% in November at Ain Barghu compared to the other months of the study. Insect populations also increased significantly during March averaging 49.3 and 47.0, in April averaging 50.0 and 54.3 for Fountain of Apollo and Ain al-Hofra, respectively. The results also showed that Hydroptila sp. represent a new record for Libya. The study also included measuring water temperature, pH, and total dissolved solids at each site. The average water temperature ranged from 19 to 26, pH from 6.1 to 7.8, and total dissolved solids from 315 to 487 parts per million at Ain al-Hofra, Fountain Apollo and Ain Barghu.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aquatic and semi-aquatic insects
  topic: keywords
subject: Physiochemical properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Manaji Al-Msrati
creator: Ibrahim Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-16
publication date: 2026-04-16
starting page: 334
ending page: 339
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_37

AI-Based Monitoring of Solar Panels in Desert Environments: Distinguishing Dust Accumulation for Fault Detection
type: item
description: Dust accumulation on photovoltaic (PV) panels in arid and desert environments poses a significant challenge by degrading conversion efficiency and reducing overall energy yield. A comparative analysis was conducted using three supervised classifiers— ogistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP)—trained and tested on a dataset comprising 2,562 PV images (1,493 clean and 1,069 dusty) obtained from Kaggle, a widely used data science and machine learning platform. The proposed pipeline integrates robust image pre-processing steps, including resizing to 224 × 224 pixels, contrast enhancement via Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), and RGB normalization. Feature extraction yielded 28 engineered descriptors encompassing grayscale intensity statistics, RGB and HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color characteristics, edge-based morphology, and texture information. Experimental results indicate that the SVM classifier outperformed the other models, achieving a validation accuracy of 75.78% and a test accuracy of 74.07%, with balanced precision and recall values of 74.00% and 74.07%, respectively. Notably, the model demonstrated higher recall for clean panel detection (79%) compared to dusty panels (68%), highlighting the complexity associated with detecting varying degrees of soiling. Furthermore, the SVM achieved an area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.790 while maintaining low computational complexity. The results demonstrate that the proposed SVM-based approach is a practical and efficient solution for automated solar panel monitoring in desert environments, enabling timely maintenance and reducing energy losses.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Image classification
  topic: keywords
subject: Solar cells
  topic: keywords
subject: Dust
  topic: keywords
subject: Fault monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: Efficiency
  topic: keywords
creator: Fady El-Batta
creator: Alsanossi Aboghrara
creator: Rifa El-Khozondar
creator: Hala El-Khozondar
creator: Yasser Nassar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-16
publication date: 2026-04-16
starting page: 340
ending page: 353
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_38

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Awareness Among Female Students at the Higher Institute of Medical Sciences and Technologies in Al-Khums, Libya
type: item
description: Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that targets cutaneous and mucosal cells. It is primarily associated with sexually transmitted infections and is a leading cause of cervical and anogenital malignancies. Objective: To evaluate the level of knowledge regarding HPV among female students at the Higher Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology in Al-Khums. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during October and November 2025, utilizing a convenience sampling technique and a self-administered questionnaire. The survey collected demographic data and assessed nine knowledge-based items. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27.Results: The findings revealed that while (59.8%) of students had heard of HPV, (66.5%) exhibited a low level of overall knowledge. Although (84.3%) recognized the link between the virus and cervical cancer, only (55.5%) correctly identified its transmission routes. Misconceptions were prevalent, with (59.8%) believing that infection is rare. Awareness of the vaccine was moderate (72.4%), yet knowledge regarding the optimal timing for vaccination remained low. No statistically significant correlation was found between the students' academic specialization and their level of knowledge. Conclusion: Significant knowledge gaps persist, hindering the adoption of effective preventive measures. The lack of understanding regarding transmission mechanisms and the misconception of low infection risk remain major challenges. These results underscore the urgent need for comprehensive awareness campaigns designed to enhance correct knowledge and rectify misconceptions among students.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Human papillomavirus
  topic: keywords
subject: Cervical cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Awareness knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Kamal Zaed
creator: Hanan Aborgiga
creator: Fathi Dagdag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-18
publication date: 2026-04-18
starting page: 345
ending page: 361
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_39

Designing A Protective Case to Reduce Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted from Mobile Phones Using CST Software
type: item
description: In this paper, a Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) is designed for mobile applications. And to study the effect of incorporating a synthetic material shell that consists of 12 split ring resonator (SRR) cells, each cell containing two overlapping rings to improve safety from electromagnetic radiation. The free-space antenna performance was analyzed before and after shell integration, based on the key performance indicators reflection coefficient (S11), return wave ratio (VSWR), radiation efficiency, radiation pattern, placement of the phone next to a human head model to study electric field distribution and surface currents, and specific absorption rate (SAR) values. Simulation results showed that incorporating the enclosure did not negatively affect the antenna matching or radiation characteristics. The value of S11 remained below -10dB at the fundamental frequencies, at an operating frequency of 0.89GHz and a power supply of 0.5w. The value of SAR-1g decreased from 3.05 kg/w to 2.91 kg/w, a decrease of 4.6%. The value of SAR-10g decreased from 2.39 kg/w to 2.25 kg/w (a decrease of 5.9%). The results confirm that the incorporation of the 12-cell SRR material shell achieves an effective balance between reducing the specific absorption rate and maintaining antenna performance, making it a practical solution for improving electromagnetic safety in mobile phones.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electromagetic radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Mobile phone emissions
  topic: keywords
subject: Shielding effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Specific absorption rate (SAR)
  topic: keywords
creator: Rasim Ali
creator: Khairiya Mega
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-09
publication date: 2026-04-09
starting page: 326
ending page: 333
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_36

Bernstein Polynomials for Solving Some Classes of Abel’s Integral Equations with Weakly-Singular Kernels
type: item
description: Most physical phenomena are described by differential equations, such equations are frequently hard to solve in a direct way, they are commonly converted into integral equations, which can then be tackled with simpler and more efficient methods. This paper aims to numerically obtain numerical solutions of the linear main generalized Abel’s integral equations (weakly-singular kernel) of both first and second kinds using the Bernstein polynomials where the unknown function is approximated in terms of such polynomials. Then relying on some properties of the Bernstein polynomials, the considered integral equation is converted into a linear system of algebraic equations, that can be easily solved to obtain the coefficients of expansion. To evaluate its performance, some examples were presented comparing the numerical solutions with the exact ones. These comparisons showed that, even for low-degrees Bernstein polynomials, the approximate solution agrees very well with the exact one. The obtained results confirm the method's effectiveness and dependability for solving integral equations with weakly-singular kernels. Additionally, the numerical findings ensure the analytical theorems concerning existence, uniqueness, and convergence of the numerical solution.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Abel’s integral equations
  topic: keywords
subject: Generalized Abel’s integral equations
  topic: keywords
subject: Main generalized Abel’s integral equations
  topic: keywords
subject: Weakly-singular Integral Equation
  topic: keywords
subject: Bernstein polynomials
  topic: keywords
creator: Masouda Gharh
creator: Haniyah Saed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-07
publication date: 2026-04-07
starting page: 316
ending page: 320
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_34

The Potential Usage of Chickpea and Flaxseed Flours in Enhancing the Nutritional Value and Functional Properties of Gluten Free Flour
type: item
description: This study aimed to enhance the nutritional value and functional properties of laboratory prepared gluten free flour made from rice flour fortified with flour of chickpea and flaxseed and comparing that properties with that of commercial gluten free flour. The chemical parameters measured included moisture, ash, protein, fat and total fiber. Whereas, the measured functional properties involved water and oil binding capacity, swelling capacity, foaming ability and stability. The results showed significant differences between the two samples in most of the studied chemical indicators. The commercial flour had higher moisture content (11.34%) compared to the laboratory prepared flour (9.65%). However, the laboratory flour showed a higher protein content (11.84%) compared to the commercial flour (3.61%). Ash content was also higher in the laboratory flour (1.95%) in comparison to the commercial one (0.91%). A significant higher fat content was observed in the laboratory flour (3.90%) compared to the commercial flour (2.93%). No significant difference was found in crude fiber content between the two samples. Additionally, the findings recorded significantly greater calcium and phosphorus content in the laboratory flour. The results indicated that the commercial flour demonstrated higher water and oil binding capacities (211% and 131%, respectively) compared to the laboratory flour (66% and 80%, respectively). It also exhibited better swelling capacity (297 g/g) in comparison to the laboratory made flour (50.84 g/g). The commercial flour showed a noticeable foaming ability and stability, while the laboratory flour showed no foaming ability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rice flour
  topic: keywords
subject: Chickpea flour
  topic: keywords
subject: Flaxseed flour
  topic: keywords
subject: Commercial gluten-free flour
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutritional value
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional properties
  topic: keywords
creator: Jamila Al Ajeeli
creator: Muna Ilowefah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-07
publication date: 2026-04-07
starting page: 321
ending page: 325
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_35

Deep Learning and Bioengineered Feature Engineering for Automated Taxonomic Identification of Mediterranean and Atlantic Demospongiae
type: item
description: Given morphological convergence, cryptic speciation, and severe class imbalance in regional collection records, accurate taxonomic dentification of marine Demospongiae remains a major challenge in biodiversity monitoring. This study presents a novel computational framework that integrates imbalanced multi-class deep learning with biologically informed feature engineering to automate the hierarchical classification of 503 Demospongiae specimens collected from Mediterranean and Atlantic habitats. We introduce a biologically grounded feature construction pipeline that encodes morphological, ecological, and evolutionary priors derived from sponge ontology structures, generating high-dimensional representations compatible with deep neural architectures. To address strong distributional skew across 7 orders, 42 families, 114 genera, and 230 species, we implement a hybrid imbalance mitigation strategy combining topology-aware synthetic minority oversampling, adaptive class-weighted sampling, and hierarchical focal loss. The proposed architecture further employs a multi-task graph convolutional network to jointly learn taxonomic relationships while preserving hierarchical constraints. Experimental evaluation demonstrates substantial improvements over conventional machine learning baselines, achieving macro-averaged F1-scores of 0.89 at the order level and 0.76 at the species level, with notable gains in recall for underrepresented Atlantic taxa. Ablation analyses further indicate that the incorporation of bioengineered features significantly enhances model generalization.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Demospongiae taxonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Imbalanced classification
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioengineered features
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Marine biodiversity
  topic: keywords
subject: hierarchical modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: UCI sponge dataset
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatimah Alghuddi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-02
publication date: 2026-04-02
starting page: 305
ending page: 315
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_33

The Relationship Between Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection and Insulin Resistance (IR)
type: item
description: Background: There is a well-established correlation between Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection and the development of diabetes mellitus, with increased prevalence observed among diabetic patients. Objective: This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients attending the Medical Reference Laboratory in Sebha-Libya. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection and insulin resistance (IR), as one of the major metabolic complications associated with chronic infection. Method: A total of 115 participants were enrolled and divided into two groups: 90 patients with confirmed HCV infection and 25healthy controls. Clinical and laboratory assessments included fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), liver function tests, body mass index (BMI), and calculation of HOMA-IR as an index for insulin resistance. Results: The results showed significantly higher levels of fasting blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR in patients group compared with controls(P-value<0.05), indicating a strong association between HCV infection and insulin resistance. Notably, 52.2% of HCV patients were found to have insulin resistance (HOMA-IR > 2.4), while no significant differences were observed with respect to age or gender. Moreover, alterations in liver function parameters were observed, reflecting the interplay between viral infection and metabolic dysregulation. Conclusion: HCV infection plays a pivotal role in promoting metabolic disturbances, particularly insulin resistance, which may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and accelerate liver-related complications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
  topic: keywords
subject: Insulin Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: HOMA-IR
  topic: keywords
subject: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  topic: keywords
creator: Saleh Albannai
creator: Ibrahim Eshnaf
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-26
publication date: 2026-03-26
starting page: 300
ending page: 304
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_32

Study and Design Multiband MPA Antenna for Smart Phones
type: item
description: Modern wireless communication systems require compact multiband antennas that can operate efficiently over several frequency ranges used in mobile devices. However, conventional microstrip patch antennas often suffer from narrow bandwidth and limited gain, which restrict their use in multiband applications. This work presents the design and simulation of a compact slotted microstrip patch antenna intended for Wi-Fi, WLAN, WiMAX, and IMT applications. The antenna is designed on an FR-4 substrate and improved using rectangular slots and a partially reduced ground plane to enhance bandwidth and radiation characteristics. The proposed antenna is modeled and simulated using CST Microwave Studio 2019, and its performance is evaluated in terms of return loss, gain, directivity, VSWR, and surface current distribution. Simulation results show that the antenna operates effectively within the 2.9–7.6 GHz band, achieving resonant frequencies at 2.8 GHz, 3.80 GHz, and 4.61 GHz with a maximum bandwidth of 7.40 GHz. The design also provides a gain of up to 8.7 dB and maintains a VSWR below 2 across all operating bands. These results indicate that the proposed multiband slotted microstrip antenna is a strong candidate for integration into modern mobile and wireless communication systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Microstrip patch antenna
  topic: keywords
subject: CST studio suite
  topic: keywords
subject: Flame retardant 4
  topic: keywords
subject: Global system for mobile
  topic: keywords
subject: Communication
  topic: keywords
creator: Jalal Fal
creator: Nassir AbuHamoud
creator: Ali Abdulgader
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-12
publication date: 2026-03-12
starting page: 294
ending page: 299
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_31

Nuclear Plants Trends for Development Planning in Egypt
type: item
description: Fossil fuel combustion is blamed for global climate change and associated greenhouse gases (GHG) are the main types of pollution created by GHG emissions from combustion (i.e., CO2) and as such an ever-increasing level of CO2 emissions make GHG, their pollutants and the complications of climate change awareness more significantly urgent. There is significant concern from policymakers concerning, fuel consumption, energy security and the challenges of GHG emissions created by fossil fuel consumption has created a focus on alternative, cleaner sources of energy both from public policy analysis and political perspectives. As such, clean sources of energy (i.e., nuclear and renewable sources of energy) are being promoted as alternative sources of energy and provide effective tools for mitigating the negative impacts of climate change and are being used as part of a new energy policy strategy. There has also been much discussion among various countries with regard to the need for increasing share of energy supply from nuclear energy, thereby diversifying the energy supply chain, decreasing reliance on imported fossil fuels that may be subject to significant price volatility and improving energy security. The present work will contribute to knowledge development and interface towards improving the power generation infrastructure of nuclear energy in Egypt through a study of the relationship of nuclear energy, the economy and CO2 emissions using the experience from other developed countries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nuclear projects
  topic: keywords
subject: Investment costs
  topic: keywords
subject: Electricity generation
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: Egypt
  topic: keywords
creator: Abeer Youssef
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-06
publication date: 2026-03-06
starting page: 277
ending page: 286
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_29

https://waujpas.com/index.php/journal/article/view/332
type: item
title: The Most Prominent Manifestations of Illness in COVID-19 Patients and Their Relationship to the Severity of Disease and Mortality in one of Isolation and Intensive Care Centers in North Western of Libya
description: As SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly across continents giving rise to the COVID-19 pandemic; scientists have worked intensively to understand the virus built, behavior and Response to vaccination and treatment. This descriptive-analytical study aimed: to assess the impact of predisposing risk factors, specifically age and chronic diseases, on predicting the extent of health deterioration and increased likelihood of mortality in COVID-19 patients. Methods: In this study, data from 100 treated patients were examined at one of Isolation and Intensive Care Centers in north western of Libya “Surman “.data were extracted from medical records using a data collection form, and patients were classified according to the WHO's clinical assessment criteria, reported risk factors and laboratory indicators. Most patients were men 66% with an average age of 68 years. Common conditions included diabetes 34%, hypertension 28%, and other comorbidities 24%. 11% of cases were classified as mild, 40% as moderate, and nearly 49% as severe. Significantly, many patients 89%, required intensive care with a survival rate of 69% and a mortality rate of 31%. Results: Disease severity was significantly associated with specific biomarker profiles at admission, characterized by decreased oxygen saturation 85.47% and elevated levels of CRP (118.5 mg/L) and D-dimer (1.86 µg/mL). Moreover, CRP and D-dimer levels showed a direct positive correlation with infection severity. Recommendations: the need to strengthen community compliance with preventive measures and activate early medical intervention mechanisms as soon as clinical symptoms appear to reduce the risk of morbidity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: D-dimer
  topic: keywords
subject: CRP
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes
  topic: keywords
subject: High blood pressure
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Najwa Alnajih
creator: Rasha Alkarshody
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-05
publication date: 2026-03-05
starting page: 287
ending page: 293
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_30

Hybrid Matrix-Ensemble Framework for Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis
type: item
description: This study introduces a novel Hybrid Machine Learning and Mathematical Matrix Framework (HML-MMF) for optimizing the early detection of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), addressing critical limitations of conventional machine learning approaches, namely, poor interpretability, overfitting, and instability in clinical settings. The proposed framework uniquely integrates matrix algebra techniques, including column-wise mean imputation, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Fisher Discriminant Analysis (FDA), and Min-Max normalization, with an ensemble of three classifiers: Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). Applied to the UCI CKD dataset (400+ patients, 24 clinical features), the HML-MMF pipeline transforms raw clinical data into a mathematically structured, low-dimensional representation that enhances class separability while preserving physiological meaning. The final diagnosis is derived through soft voting, ensuring robustness and generalizability. Experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid model achieves 96.2% accuracy, 96.0% precision, 95.5% recall, 95.7% F1-score, and an AUC-ROC of 0.973, significantly outperforming both GBM-only (AUC = 0.942) and Matrix + SVM (AUC = 0.955) baselines. The scientific novelty lies in the synergistic fusion of interpretable matrix operations with ensemble learning, not as sequential steps, but as a unified architecture where mathematical transformations actively guide model optimization. This approach not only boosts performance but also provides clinical transparency, enabling practitioners to trace predictions back to key biomarkers like serum creatinine and BUN, which eigenvalue analysis confirms as dominant contributors. In the medical domain, this work offers a reliable, explainable decision-support tool that minimizes false negatives a critical requirement in CKD screening. Via bridging rigorous linear algebra with modern ML, the HML-MMF sets a new standard for trust…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kidney disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematical matrices
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid framework
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical decision support
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatma Elghaffi
creator: Othman Mohammed
creator: Llahm Dalla
creator: Abdussalam Ahmed
creator: Almhdie Agila
creator: Mohamed EL-Sseid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-04
publication date: 2026-03-04
starting page: 263
ending page: 276
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_28

Leveraging Hydrogen for Covering Energy Shortage in an Electricity Subgrid
type: item
description: This study explores a sustainable solution for addressing the electricity supply-demand imbalance in Brack Ashatti by utilizing excess electricity during off-peak hours for hydrogen production through electrolysis, and subsequently employing fuel cells to generate electricity during peak periods. The research evaluates the feasibility of using a hydrogen-based system to stabilize the national grid without the need for additional power generation units. Based on the calculations, the electrolyzer can produce up to 271.8 cubic meters of hydrogen per hour, requiring approximately 9.1 MW of electricity, which is sufficient to cover the network's 6.1 MW energy deficit during off-peak hours. With a hydrogen storage capacity of 421,255 cubic meters, this system can store hydrogen for later use in fuel cells to meet the 1689 MW deficit in the national grid during peak times. The results indicate that by optimizing hydrogen production through electrolysis and utilizing fuel cells for electricity generation, the proposed system can provide 8,424 MW of power, effectively covering the network’s deficit. This method not only resolves the supply-demand gap but also proves to be a cost-effective and efficient solution for achieving grid stability, without requiring additional power plants.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electricity
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydrogen
  topic: keywords
subject: Fuel-Cell
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Abduallah Abduallah
creator: Yasser Nassar
creator: Massoud Fakher
creator: Elsadic Salim
creator: Ibrahim Latiwash
creator: Suliman Ahmad
creator: Mukhtar Irhoma
creator: Muetaz Mohammed
creator: Hala El-Khozondar
creator: Ibrahim Imbayah
creator: Monaem Elmnifi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 245
ending page: 254
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_26

The Role of Using Computer Applications in the Development of Media Work
type: item
description: Media work in its various fields faces challenges that hinder the optimal use of computer applications. These challenges vary between technical, human, and economic factors. Overcoming them requires a strategic vision that includes developing infrastructure, investing in training and capacity building, and establishing clear legal and ethical frameworks for the use of computer applications in the development of media work. This study highlights the role of computer applications in developing media work and their importance in improving news transmission methods, accelerating data collection and analysis, and enhancing the quality and accuracy of media content. This, in turn, increases the efficiency of media professionals and contributes to the development of media institutions. A descriptive methodology was adopted in this study. The study aims to clarify the role of using computer applications in media as one of the most influential tools in modern societies, to review the most prominent of these applications for those interested in media work—whether media professionals or officials in institutions concerned with the media sector—and to draw attention to their importance in developing media work, facilitating tasks, and accelerating processes, as well as to explain the challenges associated with employing these computer applications in the media field. The study concludes that the use of computer applications in media work represents an effective solution to the challenges facing the media sector, and that these applications can be used to improve marketing strategies, enhance content quality, and reach a wider audience. However, this requires the development of appropriate policies and tools to mitigate the challenges associated with their use.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Computer applications
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital media
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Data analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Media fields
  topic: keywords
creator: Saleh Saleh
creator: Abd Alfattah Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 255
ending page: 262
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_27

Histological Effects of Ziziphus spina-christi Leaf Extract on Testes and Epididymides in Male Rabbits
type: item
description: The widespread use of medicinal plants in traditional therapy has raised concerns regarding their long-term safety, particularly with respect to reproductive function. Ziziphus spina-christi (ZSC) is commonly utilized for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities; however, limited data are available concerning its possible impact on male reproductive organs. This study was conducted to investigate the histopathological effects of prolonged oral administration of ZSC leaf extract on the testes and epididymides of adult male rabbits. Animals were divided into two groups: a control group receiving distilled water and a treated group administered ZSC leaf extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight daily for six weeks. At the end of the experimental period, testicular and epididymal tissues were harvested and processed for routine microscopic examination. Tissue changes were evaluated descriptively and graded using a semi-quantitative scoring method. Histological analysis revealed marked structural alterations in the reproductive tissues of treated animals compared with controls. Testicular sections demonstrated degeneration of seminiferous tubules, decreased spermatogenic cell layers, thinning of the germinal epithelium, and vascular congestion. In the epididymis, reduced sperm density, epithelial degeneration, luminal debris, and thickening of connective tissue were observed. These findings indicate that prolonged administration of ZSC leaf extract may adversely influence the histological architecture of male reproductive organs. Further studies are warranted to clarify its reproductive safety and underlying mechanisms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ziziphus spina-christi
  topic: keywords
subject: Male reproduction
  topic: keywords
subject: Testis
  topic: keywords
subject: Epididymis
  topic: keywords
subject: Histopathology
  topic: keywords
subject: Rabbits
  topic: keywords
creator: Asma Ahmed
creator: Sana Mohammed
creator: Eda Alshailabi
creator: Fayrouz Khaled
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-10
publication date: 2026-02-10
starting page: 238
ending page: 244
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_25

Modeling A 600 MW Floating Photovoltaic System in Al-Khums city, Libya: Performance Analysis and Implementation Using PVSyst
type: item
description: This research presents an analysis of a 600 MW AC floating PV system to be installed in Al-Khoms, Libya. The system was simulated using PVsyst version 7.4 software with the transposition method based on the HDKR method using weather data from Meteonorm version 8.1 and Solargis weather data sources. The simulation results show that the system will have an annual AC energy production of 1,346 GWh/year, a system performance ratio of 81.7%, and a specific energy production ranging from 1,850 to 2,050 kWh/kWp/year with a capacity factor of 25.6%. The FPV system will have a bifacial rear irradiance gain of 3.0 to 4.5% and will conserve 1.25 million cubic meters of surface water per year, equivalent to a monetary value of €250,000 to €625,000 per year. Total investment required for the project falls in the range of €480 to €540 million, amounting to €0.80 to €0.90 per watt-peak (Wp) of direct current, and results in a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of €0.055 to €0.065 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) over a period of 25 years and a discount rate of 5%. This is in line with the LCOE of conventional power plants in Libya, which stands in the range of €0.07 to €0.10/kWh. Upon inclusion of the social cost of carbon (SC_CO2 ~$70/tCO2), the environmentally adjusted LCOE stands in the range of €0.028 to €0.035/kWh. The results obtained prove the feasibility of utility-scale floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems in Libya.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Floating photovoltaic (FPV)
  topic: keywords
subject: PVsyst simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Grid integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim Imbayah
creator: Yasser Nassar
creator: Mohamed Khaleel
creator: Hala El-Khozondar
creator: Monaem Elmnifi
creator: Muetaz Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-26
publication date: 2026-02-26
starting page: 223
ending page: 237
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_24

Comparative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Coffee Prepared by American and Arabic Brewing Methods
type: item
description: Coffee’s high antioxidant ability is attributed to its abundance of minerals and bioactive substances including caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and other phenolic compounds. Phenolic molecules with high nutritional value, are decomposed by the high temperatures that coffee beans are exposed to in order to produce volatile aromatic chemicals, the concentration of this active compounds are affected by the type of preparation method. The aim of this study was comparing the difference between Arabic and American coffee preparing methods in term of phenolic compounds quantity among different twelve coffee brands collected from Libyan market. Folin–Ciocalteu assay was used in quantification of phenolic compounds in all samples. The results of this study show that the preparing method have significant role in determining the phenolic content of coffee. The Arabic preparation method, which involves boiling the water with coffee, resulted in a significant reduction in Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) compared to the American method for all samples. On average, the TPC of the all coffee samples with two different preparation methods arranged between 225.545 to 508.096 mg GAE /L. Generally, the findings show that the American preparing method is more effective in producing phenolic compounds, although the degree of this effect differs among coffee brands.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Coffee
  topic: keywords
subject: Phenolic compounds
  topic: keywords
subject: Folin-Ciocalteu
  topic: keywords
subject: Gallic acid
  topic: keywords
subject: Preparation methods
  topic: keywords
creator: Laila Benramadan
creator: Afaf Abozid
creator: Mohamed Alshintari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-25
publication date: 2026-02-25
starting page: 218
ending page: 222
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_23

Modelling and Stability Analysis of (TIV) System Using Lyapunov Function
type: item
description: Tumour Immune Virus (TIV) model is theoretically analysed based on a system of five nonlinear ordinary differential equations (NODEs). The model is divided into five compartmental classes: uninfected cancer cells , virus-infected cancer cells immune effector cells dead cells and free virus particles . The aim is to investigate the stability of the deterministic TIV model both analytically and numerically, utilising the Lyapunov function and the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF) method. For the deterministic model, five steady points are derived, and their local and global stability are investigated for the coexistence steady point; however, specific criteria were employed to confirm the existence and stability of these steady states. Also, numerical simulations were conducted to study the dynamic behaviour of the TIV system, whose findings offer more insights into the impact of oncolytic treatment on the immune response and contribute to the development of more effective strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Lyapunov function
  topic: keywords
subject: Linearization
  topic: keywords
subject: Stability analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Cancer model
  topic: keywords
subject: Oncolytic
  topic: keywords
creator: Ansaf Alfkhakhari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-24
publication date: 2026-02-24
starting page: 210
ending page: 217
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_22

Energy and Exergy Analysis of an Al-Hussein Steam Power Plant in Jordan Using Engineering Equation Solver (EES)
type: item
description: This study independently reproduces the energy and exergy analysis of the Al-Hussein steam power plant in Jordan using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) under the same operating conditions and reference environment (298.15 K, 101.3 kPa) reported in the original work. The reproduced thermodynamic properties and component energy balance show close agreement with the published results, confirming the robustness of the first-law analysis. In contrast, the exergy results reveal notable deviations in specific components: the condenser exergy destruction is calculated as 18.03 MW (vs 13.74 MW reported), yielding a markedly lower condenser exergy efficiency (3.40%), while LPH5 exhibits a higher exergy efficiency (82.34% vs 67.3%). The distribution of irreversibilities indicates that the boiler remains the dominant source of exergy destruction (74.55% of the total), followed by the turbine (12.83%) and condenser (11.13%), highlighting the boiler as the primary target for performance improvement. These findings demonstrate that independent computational reproduction can confirm energy results while revealing sensitivity of component-level exergy metrics to modelling assumptions, improving the reliability of exergy-based performance assessments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy and Exergy analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Steam power plant
  topic: keywords
subject: Engineering Equation Solver
  topic: keywords
subject: Exergy destruction
  topic: keywords
subject: Irreversibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Dead state
  topic: keywords
creator: Muetaz Mohammed
creator: Yousif Hamad
creator: Mohammed Hamdan
creator: Yasser Nassar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-22
publication date: 2026-02-22
starting page: 199
ending page: 209
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_21

Wheat Fungal Diseases: A Review
type: item
description: Wheat is a global dietary staple, supplying one of world’s grain production and serving as a primary source of carbohydrates, protein, as well as essential micronutrients. However, its productivity remains increasingly jeopardized via biotrophic fungal pathogens obligate parasites that severely compromise plant health and grain yield. This review critically examines four major diseases: (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) stem rust, (P. striiformis f. sp. tritici) stripe rust, (P. triticina) leaf rust, and (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) powdery mildew, which collectively threaten food security across diverse agroecosystems. Moreover, central to sustainable control is genetic resistance, which operates through two paradigms: race-specific (qualitative) as well as non-race-specific (quantitative or adult plant resistance). Furthermore, the novelty of this work lies in its integrative synthesis of global pathogen distribution, virulence evolution, for instance, Ug99 and TKTTF lineages), as well as the strategic deployment of resistance genes from landraces and wild relatives. In addition, this synthesis supports next-generation wheat improvement aimed at stabilizing yields under escalating disease pressure.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wheat rust
  topic: keywords
subject: Powdery mildew
  topic: keywords
subject: Strip rust
  topic: keywords
subject: Fungal resistance gene
  topic: keywords
creator: Ashraf Soliman
creator: Awatef Shlibak
creator: Nusret Zencirci
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-18
publication date: 2026-02-18
starting page: 191
ending page: 198
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_20

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Parabolic Trough Solar Steam for Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery
type: item
description: This study rigorously evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of parabolic-trough collector (PTC) for thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by benchmarking it against conventional diesel-fired boiler steam supply across geographically diverse thermal- OR fields. Site-specific direct normal irradiance data from NREL’s NSRDB are used to characterize the solar resource and size the collector aperture area. Techno-economic calculations and scenario evaluation are conducted using HOMER Pro, while the proposed PTC configuration includes thermal energy storage with an equivalent duration of 6 h/day and is assessed under a representative capacity factor of 0.6, reflecting partial coverage of steam-load demand. A harmonized levelized cost of energy (LCOE) framework is applied to both configurations under consistent financial assumptions to enable an apples-to-apples comparison. Results show that boiler-based LCOE is strongly driven by local diesel pricing and heat-duty requirements the Netherlands (NLD) exhibits the highest boiler LCOE, whereas Venezuela (VEN1) yields the lowest. A second Venezuelan case (VEN2) produces an anomalously high boiler LCOE around 4.5, attributable to an exceptionally large reported heat duty; it is therefore treated as an outlier with elevated uncertainty. PTC investment inputs are parameterized using NREL benchmark unit costs 24.375 SAR/kW installation, 712.5 SAR/m2 solar field, and 93.75 SAR/kWh thermal storage. Beyond cost competitiveness, solar steam substitution provides a credible pathway for fuel displacement and associated CO2 mitigation; reported solar-EOR deployments indicate annual CO2 reductions ranging from 104 to 636,720 tCO2/year, depending on plant scale.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Enhanced oil recovery
  topic: keywords
subject: Solar energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermal injection
  topic: keywords
subject: Techno-economic analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Steam generation
  topic: keywords
subject: Parabolic trough collector
  topic: keywords
creator: Muetaz Mohammed
creator: Eman Mohammed
creator: Rahma Elzer
creator: Yasser Nassar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-14
publication date: 2026-02-14
starting page: 184
ending page: 190
doi: 10.63318/waujpasv4i1_19