Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (ISSN: 3006-0877) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality research in the fields of pure and applied sciences. Published biannually (two issues per year), the journal serves as a platform for researchers, scientists, and academics to share innovative findings and advancements in disciplines such as: Physical Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Earth Sciences) Biological Sciences (Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry) Mathematics & Statistics Environmental Sciences Computer Science & Information Technology Engineering & Technology (where applicable) Journal Mission The journal aims to promote scientific knowledge by publishing original research articles, reviews, and short communications that contribute to theoretical and practical developments in pure and applied sciences. It upholds rigorous peer-review standards to ensure the validity, significance, and originality of published work. Key Features Open Access: All articles are freely available to readers worldwide, ensuring broad dissemination of knowledge. Peer-Reviewed: Manuscripts undergo a double-blind review process by experts in the relevant fields. ISSN: Online ISSN 3006-0877 Frequency: Two issues per year (biannual). Indexing & Archiving: The journal is committed to being indexed in reputable databases to enhance visibility and impact. Article Processing Charge (Authors' Fees) This journal charges no authors' fees Article Submission Charge: 0.0 LD Article Processing Charge (APC): 0.0 LD WAUJPAS is run on a non-profit basis. Wadi Alshatti University covers 100% of the expenses of publishing Publisher The journal is published by Wadi Alshatti University, supporting the institution’s commitment to advancing scientific research and education in Libya and beyond. For inquiries, please contact the Editorial Office at [inf.wuj@wau.edu.ly].
This journal uses Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommerical 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Copyright of articles Authors retain copyright of their articles published in this journal.
Techno-Economic Feasibility of Parabolic Trough Solar Steam for Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery
This study rigorously evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of parabolic-trough collector (PTC) for thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by benchmarking it against conventional diesel-fired boiler steam supply across geographically diverse thermal- OR fields. Site-specific direct normal irradiance data from NREL’s NSRDB are used to characterize the solar resource and size the collector aperture area. Techno-economic calculations and scenario evaluation are conducted using HOMER Pro, while the proposed PTC configuration includes thermal energy storage with an equivalent duration of 6 h/day and is assessed under a representative capacity factor of 0.6, reflecting partial coverage of steam-load demand. A harmonized levelized cost of energy (LCOE) framework is applied to both configurations under consistent financial assumptions to enable an apples-to-apples comparison. Results show that boiler-based LCOE is strongly driven by local diesel pricing and heat-duty requirements the Netherlands (NLD) exhibits the highest boiler LCOE, whereas Venezuela (VEN1) yields the lowest. A second Venezuelan case (VEN2) produces an anomalously high boiler LCOE around 4.5, attributable to an exceptionally large reported heat duty; it is therefore treated as an outlier with elevated uncertainty. PTC investment inputs are parameterized using NREL benchmark unit costs 24.375 SAR/kW installation, 712.5 SAR/m2 solar field, and 93.75 SAR/kWh thermal storage. Beyond cost competitiveness, solar steam substitution provides a credible pathway for fuel displacement and associated CO2 mitigation; reported solar-EOR deployments indicate annual CO2 reductions ranging from 104 to 636,720 tCO2/year, depending on plant scale.
Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study of Superficial Fungal Infections among Diabetes Patients at Diabetic Center in Zliten City-Libya
This cross-sectional study examined superficial fungal infections (SFIs) among 117 diabetic patients at Dermatology Outpatient Department of Zliten Diabetes Center. Samples were collected from skin, nails, hair, Oral mucosa, and interdigital areas. Fungal identification was performed using culture methods, microscopy, Wood’s lamp examination, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation. Positive fungal growth was detected in 105 samples (89.7%). Dermatophytes accounted for 53.3% of isolates, with Trichophyton violaceum (14.3%) and Trichophyton soudanense (11.4%) being the most common. Non-ermatophytes represented 46.7%, with Candida spp. (29.5%) as the predominant species, followed by Aspergillus (5.7%), Cladosporium (4.8%), Fusarium (4.8%), and Geotrichum (1.9%). The most commonly affected sites were nails (32.4%) and interdigital areas (33.3%). Statistically significant associations were observed between fungal type and age, HbA1c, Weight, diabetes type, site of infection,. No significant associations were observed with gender, diabetes duration. These findings highlight the impact of clinical and demographic factors among diabetic patients in Zliten.
Effect of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) on Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) offers clear advantages in constructability and enhanced durability; however, its widespread use is often limited by high cement content and reliance on imported supplementary cementitious materials, particularly in Libya. In this context, Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) has emerged as a promising alternative for regions with abundant local clay and limestone resources. This study investigates the feasibility of incorporating LC3, produced from locally available materials within the Libyan context, into SCC as a partial replacement of Portland cement at levels of 15%, 30%, and 45%. The experimental results demonstrate that LC3-based SCC satisfies the required acceptance criteria for rheological performance, despite a gradual reduction in flowability with increasing replacement levels. Mechanical testing indicates that a moderate LC3 replacement enhances early-age strength, while higher replacement levels achieve comparable or improved strength at later ages. Tensile-related properties show no adverse effect even at the highest replacement level when compared to the reference mix. Furthermore, the observed reduction in porosity and increase in ultrasonic pulse velocity confirm improved microstructural refinement, which supports the enhancement of mechanical performance. Overall, the results confirm the technical feasibility of using LC3 in self-compacting concrete (SCC) at replacement levels up to 45% with locally sourced materials, achieving performance comparable to or better than the conventional SCC reference.
Thermal Comfort of Buildings Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
In today's modern world, the extensive use of glass façades in commercial buildings has an impact on the overall thermal comfort and energy consumption of these buildings, especially in regions where there is an energy shortage like Palestinian territories. The author is of the opinion that the use of BIPV systems will not only bring about the thermal comfort but also contribute to the overall energy efficiency of the commercial buildings. The work further cites the integration of photovoltaic cells in building skins and the related factors like heat transfer, thermal conductivity, and indoor thermal conditions are considered. The research signals the capabilities of double-skin and solar-integrated façades in cutting down the solar heat gain, cooling and heating load demands, and simultaneously providing on-site renewable energy. The emphasis is on Palestine, where the high solar radiation levels are in stark contrast to the political, economic, and infrastructural challenges in the energy sector. The paper integrates recent research on thermal comfort solutions, façade technologies, and photovoltaic integration, and shows that BIPV façades are a good option for energy consumption mediations and indoor environmental quality enhancement in commercial buildings. The results also clearly show that the installation of solar systems in the building envelop can be a great help in sustainable building design, energy security, and increased tenant comfort which in turn would support the transition to low and zero-energy buildings in Palestine and other similar climates.
Effectiveness of Common Washing Methods in Eliminating Ascaris lumbricoides Contamination from Fresh Vegetables Collected from Farms in Brack Alshatti
Fresh vegetables provide important nutritional value for humans; however, they can become contaminated with enteric parasitic pathogens at various stages, from cultivation to consumption. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the contamination of Ascaris lumbricoides in fresh vegetables collected from farms in Brack Al-Shatti, Libya, and to determine the most effective method for removing Ascaris lumbricoides egg contamination from vegetables. A total of 70 fresh vegetable samples were randomly collected from vegetable farms in Brack Alshatti. The vegetables included green onion, lettuce, rocket, parsley, chard, carrot, and turnip. Different washing methods were applied, including 5% vinegar, 10% salt, and 20% lemon solutions, in addition to washing with tap water. Microscopic examination for the presence of A. lumbricoides eggs was performed using a direct wet mount technique. Overall contamination with A. lumbricoides was detected in 22.9% (16/70) of the vegetable samples. After washing with tap water, parasitic contamination was detected in 20.0% (14/70) of the samples. Washing with 10% salt reduced the contamination rate to 11.0% (8/70), while washing with 20% lemon reduced it to 4.3% (3/70). The lowest contamination rate was observed after washing with 5% vinegar, at 2.9% (2/70). The results showed persistent contamination with A. lumbricoides in turnip and lettuce when all washing methods were applied. After washing with 10% salt, no contamination was detected in green onion. Furthermore, no contamination was observed in green onion, carrot, rocket, parsley, or chard after washing with 5% vinegar or 20% lemon. These findings highlight vinegar as a superior washing agent, effectively eliminating parasitic contamination while offering a safe and broadly effective solution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shaheerah Alshareef , Abdulkadir Bernawi, Awatif Abdulsalam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Dielectric Substrate Material on the Performance of Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs), V-Band
Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs) are pivotal components in modern communication systems due to their compact size and ease of fabrication; however, the shift toward the V-band necessitates designs that ensure high gain and efficiency despite challenges related to dielectric loss and narrow bandwidth. This paper analyzes the impact of substrate material properties—specifically dielectric constant and loss—on the performance of an MPA designed for a 55 GHz center frequency within the 50–60 GHz band. Using CST Microwave Studio, the antenna was simulated with uniform dimensions on three Rogers substrates of 0.127 mm thickness: RT/duroid 5880, RO3003, and RO4350B, evaluating gain, efficiency, reflection coefficient (S11), and bandwidth. Simulation results revealed distinct performance variations; the RT/duroid 5880 model (lowest permittivity) achieved the highest gain (6.16 dBi) and directivity (6.82 dBi), making it ideal for long-range applications, while the Rogers RO4350B recorded the highest radiation efficiency (89.6%). Conversely, the Rogers RO3003 model demonstrated the best impedance matching (S11 -19.8 dB) and the widest bandwidth (2.527 GHz). Consequently, the study concludes that optimal material selection depends on specific application priorities, recommending the RO3003 substrate as the premier choice for 5G applications requiring ultra-high data transfer rates due to its superior bandwidth performance.
Harmonic Distortion in Three-Phase Networks Using a 24-Pulse STATCOM: Modeling, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation
Harmonic distortion is one of the most critical challenges affecting power quality in modern industrial networks, particularly under nonlinear loading and dynamic operating conditions. This paper presents the modelling and performance evaluation of a 24-pulse STATCOM designed to reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) in three-phase power systems. The proposed STATCOM structure is developed using four 6-pulse voltage source converters (VSCs) combined with Y–Y and Y–Δ phase-shifting transformers to achieve a 15° phase displacement, enabling natural cancellation of dominant harmonics such as the 5th and 7th orders. A detailed simulation model is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink, and system performance is evaluated under nonlinear loading conditions, including the starting of a 100-HP induction motor. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in power quality, with THD reduced to 1.52% compared to values ranging between 8–12% without compensation, alongside enhanced voltage stability at the point of common coupling (PCC) and minimized voltage sag during transient events. These findings confirm that the 24-pulse STATCOM provides an effective and economical solution for harmonic mitigation, representing a practical alternative to external filters and conventional 6- or 12-pulse compensation systems.
A New Approach for Low-Latency, High-Accuracy Anomaly Detection at the Edge: Benchmarking Quantized Autoencoders, LSTMs, and Lightweight Transformers on RT-IoT2022 Time-Series Traffic
This study benchmarks edge-optimized deep learning models for real-time anomaly detection in resource-constrained IoT environments using the RT-IoT2022 dataset, which includes four benign protocols and nine cyberattack types. Three architectures a quantized autoencoder (QAE), compact LSTM, and lightweight Transformer were deployed on a Raspberry Pi 4 and evaluated on F1-score, latency, model size, and energy per inference. The QAE achieved optimal performance with 98.7% F1- core, 142 KB memory footprint, 1.8 ms latency, and 4.2 mJ energy consumption, outperforming alternatives under strict edge constraints. While the LSTM showed better recall on rare attacks and the Transformer captured long-range dependencies at higher computational cost, the QAE delivered the best overall trade-off for deployable security. The work reframes model selection around hardware- ware co-design rather than architectural complexity, demonstrating that intelligently compressed, reconstruction-based approaches surpass heavier models in efficiency and effectiveness. Findings provide a reproducible framework for low-latency, privacy-preserving intrusion detection in smart healthcare and industrial IoT, advocating a paradigm shift toward minimal sufficiency over maximal capacity in edge AI design.
Effect of Mn-Site Doping on the Magnetic Properties of the La2/3Sr1/3Mn1-xInxO3 Manganite Perovskite
The substitution of Mn with a low concentration of In (x ≤ 0.20) in the magnetoresistance compound La2/3Sr1/3Mn1-xInxO3 has been investigated. Magnetic properties were analyzed using AC magnetic susceptibility and DC electrical resistance measurements. The metal-to-insulator transition temperature (Tp)decreased from 365 K to 245K as the level of In doping increased, indicating a loss of ferromagnetic order. Similarly, the Curie temperature (Tc) of each sample shifted to lower values with higher In content. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a single-phase perovskite rhombohedral structure. Surface morphology and microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that withan increase in Indium concentration up to x= 0.20, grain size diminished significantly, reducing from 15 µm to 2 µm, along with noticeable grain agglomeration.
Evaluation and Prediction Performance of Solar Panel and Wind Turbine Systems Using Simulation
Renewable energy is one of the important sustainable energy sources due to its low carbon emissions compared to fossil fuels; however, its performance is affected by climatic conditions. This study aims to evaluate and predict the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems and wind turbines in Libya through two phases. In the first phase, MATLAB/Simulink was used to model and simulate three PV technologies monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous and to analyze the effects of solar irradiance and temperature on their performance. The results indicate that monocrystalline modules are more responsive to increased irradiance, while amorphous modules are less sensitive to temperature rise. Wind energy systems were analyzed by comparing two horizontal- xis wind turbines, Gamesa and Acciona, under different wind speeds, where the Gamesa turbine showed superior performance at high speeds. In the second phase, an artificial neural network trained using synthetically generated data achieved high prediction accuracy for both energy systems
Optimal Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy System (PV/Wind/PHS) Under Multiple Constraints of Connection to the Electricity Grid: A Case Study
Libya faces a challenge in providing a secure and stable electricity supply. The deficit recorded in 2024 reached approximately 32.5%, forcing the General Electricity Company to resort to rationing, with power cuts lasting up to eight hours daily. The country's strategic vision aims to overcome this problem by transitioning to renewable energy sources and adopting decentralized generation systems. This approach is clearly embodied in the National Energy Strategy for the period 2025–2050, which aims to increase the share of renewable sources in the overall energy mix to more than 50% by 2050. In this context, this research paper proposes the design of an integrated hybrid renewable energy system, combining photovoltaic cell and wind turbine technologies, supported by a pumped hydroelectric storage (PV/Wind/PHS) system. The study results showed that the ideal system configuration consists of a 1000 MW solar photovoltaic field and a 200 MW wind farm, integrated with an 854 MWh storage system. This system generates a total annual energy output of approximately 1515.761 GWh, fully covering the current electricity deficit estimated at around 15575 MWh. The system also injects energy into the national grid, adhering to the grid's protocol, which stipulates that no energy is drawn from the grid during a deficit and no energy is exported to it during a saturated period, and vice versa. The optimized design achieves 100% sustainable load supply and records the lowest levelized power cost of $49.9/MWh. The project cost is estimated at approximately $19.923 billion, with a payback period of 11.10 years. The proposed system also contributed to reducing carbon emissions by 11,624 kilotons, saving an estimated $816.246 million in emissions-related social costs, in addition to an estimated $2.189 billion in savings resulting from reduced conventional fuel consumption.
Comparative Study on the Reproductive Biology of Mullus surmuletus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Mullus barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758) along the Benghazi Coast, Eastern Libya (Mediterranean Sea)
The purpose of this study was to examine the reproductive biology differences between Mullus barbatus and Mullus surmuletus along the coast of Benghazi, Eastern Libya (Mediterranean Sea). Sex ratio, gonadosomatic index (GSI), length at first sexual maturity and fecundity were among the important factors analyzed, along with comparisons to earlier research. From January to December 2022, samples were taken monthly from commercial trawl catches. The overall sex ratio was male-biased in both species (1:1.39 in M. surmuletus and 1:1.23 in M. barbatus). Males and females of M. surmuletus and M. barbatus were 12.9 cm and 13.2 cm, respectively, at 50% maturity. According to GSI values, M. barbatus spawned from late winter to early summer, while M. surmuletus spawned primarily in the spring. Despite interspecific variations, fecundity estimates in both species had a positive correlation with fish size. These results shed light on the reproductive tactics of two demersal species that are significant to the region's economy and show how environmental factors, such as climate change, may affect these species' ability to reproduce.
Copyright (c) 2026 The author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Association between Blood Glucose Levels and Biochemical Variables in COVID-19 Patients - A Cross-Sectional Study
Objectives: To identify the association between blood glucose concentrations and biochemical variables that lead to high blood glucose levels in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: This study was conducted on 100 plasma samples obtained from individuals with confirmed COVID-19, diagnosed using polymerase chain reaction. Samples were collected from the Barakuli Isolation Centre, Respiratory Clinic, and Sebha Medical Center in Sebha City, Libya. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, cortisol, triglycerides, cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and liver enzyme activities were measured. Results: Sixty percent of patients had elevated blood glucose concentrations, whereas 40% had normal concentrations. The levels of insulin, cortisol, CRP, triglycerides, and liver enzyme activity were compared between the two groups. The results showed an increase in the mean concentrations of cortisol, triglycerides, CRP, and liver enzymes in patients with elevated glucose concentrations compared with those in patients with normal glucose concentrations. Statistical analysis using the t-test showed significant differences between the means (p = 0.000). Conversely, the mean insulin concentration was low in patients with elevated glucose levels. The results also showed a positive correlation between glucose and cortisol, triglyceride, and CRP concentrations, as well as GPT and GOT activity. Conclusion: Patients with COVID-19 exhibited elevated blood glucose concentrations associated with decreased insulin levels. Additionally, high concentrations of biochemical variables contributing to hyperglycemia were observed in patients with COVID-19.
Feasibility of Concentrating Solar Power as a Solar Fuel for Electrical Power Stations: A Case Study of Ubari Gas-Power Station in Libya
This study affirms the economic viability and environmental advantages of employing concentrated solar power (CSP) as an alternative energy source for electricity generation in the gas-fired power plants at the Ubari station-Libya. The main objective of this study is to provide technical and economic information about the solar power tower (SPT) and parabolic trough concentrator (PTC) to the Libyan government and engineers to encourage fostering sustainable development in the region by mitigating oil depletion by a specific percentage and redirecting it towards petrochemical industries with higher economic returns. Utilizing the System Advisor Model program, various technologies for generating electricity from concentrating solar energy were compared, considering diverse hours and storage capacities. The levelized cost of energy served as a benchmark for the comparative analysis. The findings indicate that the CSP technology of the solar power tower field is optimal, constituting approximately 43.6% of the capacity factor. The proposed generation system's ideal design characteristics include a SPT capacity of around 400 MW, a thermal storage tank with a capacity of 11,332 m³, approximately 508 hectares needed for field construction, a project capital cost of approximately $186,102,644, and the levelized cost of energy of about 13.48¢/kWh. The estimated annual crude oil savings amount to about 3,187,726 barrels, equivalent to approximately $243,637,912. The prevention of approximately 1,735,060 tons of CO2 from being released into the atmosphere is associated with an estimated environmental damage cost of about $130,129,247.
An IoT-Enabled, THD-Based Fault Detection and Predictive Maintenance Framework for Solar PV Systems in Harsh Climates: Integrating DFT and Machine Learning for Enhanced Performance and Resilience
This research introduces an advanced energy management approach for PV setups situated in demanding semi-arid environments, specifically focusing on Baniwalid, Libya. Conventional energy management systems often depend on fixed parameters or basic models, which only address a limited scope of environmental variables. Such systems lack the adaptability to effectively respond to fluctuating conditions like intense heat, dust buildup, and intermittent shading, all of which can undermine solar panel performance. To overcome these limitations, the study incorporates artificial neural networks within an Internet of Things-based framework. This system utilizes a network of affordable sensors to collect real-time operational data from PV arrays. Via applying Discrete Fourier Transform techy, the system extracts key features such as Total Harmonic Distortion from electrical signals, which serve as early indicators of potential faults. Machine learning algorithms then leverage this data to forecast energy output as well as monitor the daily performance ratio, enabling the detection of gradual performance declines. During a ten-day observation period, the framework recorded a decrease in DPR from 97% to 93%, primarily attributed to temperature swings as well as dust accumulation on solar modules. The ANN-based model successfully correlated predicted outcomes with actual measurements, highlighting its potential for accurate system health assessment. The hybrid methodology combining physics-based signal analysis with data-driven intelligence facilitates proactive maintenance strategies that minimize unexpected interruptions, optimize energy yields, and can be efficiently deployed at the network edge. By transforming PV systems into adaptive, self-monitoring assets, this work enhances operational resilience under extreme conditions and offers a scalable solution that can be applied to smart energy management globally.
Assessment of Flexural and Impact Strengths in Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Resin Reinforced with Short E-glass Fiber
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is the predominant material for denture base construction, however its low flexural and impact strengths contribute a high rate of clinical failure. This study aimed to evaluate the reinforcing effect of silane-treated short E-glass fiber (SEGF) incorporated into heat-polymerized PMMA at different concentrations (0%, 2%, 4%, 5%, 7%, and 9 wt.%). A total of 180 specimens, fabricated according to ISO 1567, were subjected to three-point bending and Charpy impact tests to determine flexural and impact strengths. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test (α = 0.05) revealed a highly significant improvement in both properties with SEGF incorporation. Flexural strength increased progressively, reaching its maximum at 7 wt.% (106.47 ± 5.78 MPa), followed by a slight decline at 9 wt.% was recorded, likely due to fiber agglomeration and increased void formation. In contrast, impact strength showed a consistent and significant increase across all concentrations, with the highest value at 9 wt.% (12.80 ± 0.33 kJ/m²). These enhancements are attributed to improve interfacial bonding provided by silane treatment, which promotes effective stress transfer and crack-bridging. Within the limitations of this study, SEGF incorporation particularly in the 5-7 wt.% range offers optimal mechanical reinforcement. In conclusion, silane-treated SEGF represent a practical and effective strategy for improving the durability and fracture resistance of PMMA-based prostheses.
Copyright (c) 2025 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Numerical Simulation of 2D Axisymmetric Flow Within Pressure swirl atomizer using InterFoam
This study evaluates the open-source CFD solver InterFoam for simulating multiphase flow in a 2D axisymmetric pressure-swirl atomizer using water and air. Motivated by the computational and experimental constraints of 3D studies, the research investigates two atomizer dimensions under a laminar flow assumption. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method and Continuum Surface Force (CSF) model are employed for interface tracking and surface tension. Qualitatively, the solver accurately captures key flow features, including air-core formation, swirling sheet emanation, and characteristic low-pressure distributions. Quantitatively, interFoam shows excellent agreement with experimental data for Case 1, with average swirling velocity errors of 6.11% at the inlet and 7.18% at the exit. However, Case 2 resulted in significant errors (49.05% and 14.43%) because the laminar assumption is invalid at the high Reynolds number (Re 74,246) present. This highlights the necessity of turbulence modeling for high-Re pressure-swirl flows. Finally, the solver’s performance in predicting the flow number, discharge coefficient, and spray cone angle outperformed literature findings based on inviscid analysis and maximum flow theory. The results suggest that accurate representation of swirling velocity profiles, alongside the swirl number, serves as a critical indicator for when turbulence models must be adopted.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdallah Salem, Abulhafiz Aqila, Mohammed Hamdan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Studying the Effect of Using Local Porous Volcanic Aggregate on the Compressive Strength of Concrete
The sustainable development of the construction sector in arid regions requires the optimization of local natural resources to minimize environmental impact and transportation costs. This study investigates the feasibility and performance of replacing conventional limestone coarse aggregate (CCA) with volcanic aggregate (Basalt rocks) sourced from the Haruj volcanic field in central Libya. An experimental program was conducted using five concrete mixtures with volumetric VA replacement levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The study encompassed a detailed characterization of aggregate properties, followed by an evaluation of fresh concrete behaviour (workability, density) and hardened properties (compressive strength at 7, 28, and 90 days, water absorption, and permeability). Results indicate that Haruj VA is a dense, high-strength material with a Los Angeles Abrasion value of 20.48%, comparable to high-quality conventional aggregates. The angular shape and better grain interpenetration also contributed to improving the mechanical performance of the hardened matrix. The 100% VA mixture achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 37.69 MPa, representing an increase of approximately 70% over the reference mix (22.10 MPa). Furthermore, durability was markedly improved, evidenced by a 55% reduction in water penetration depth. This study concludes that Haruj volcanic aggregates are a superior alternative to conventional sedimentary aggregates for producing high-strength, low-permeability structural concrete.
Design and Analysis of PV Solar Street Lighting systems in Remote Areas: A Case Study
This study presents the design and evaluation of a solar-powered street lighting system for the Brack Alshati – Alshuwayrif road in southern Libya. The aim is to reduce traffic accidents on this vital north-south artery. The analysis was conducted using hourly climate data for the study area. Several software programs were employed, including System Adviser Model (SAM), MS Excel, and DIalux, to assess the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of the proposed system and to determine the optimal street lighting design that minimizes the cost per unit of electricity production. Electronic devices and sensors were also used to monitor system performance and minimize malfunctions and energy waste. The optimum system included a 530W solar panel, a 2620Wh (12V×220Ah) storage battery, and a 100W LED light. The number of light poles required to meet traffic safety requirements and standard specifications for lighting the 280 km distance between Brack and Alshuwerif cities was estimated at 3,450 poles. The project cost was estimated at 18,265,000 LD, with a levelized cost of energy of 0.604 LD/kWh. The payback period was estimated at 21.9 years, and the annual amount of CO2 prevented from being released into the atmosphere was estimated at 413.5 tons annually, which equivalent to 249,452 LD per year.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrating Electricity Sub-Grid with Pumped Hydropower Storage System for Grid Stability and Sustainability
This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the technical, economic, and operational feasibility of implementing a Pumped Hydropower Storage (PHS) system to enhance the stability of the Alshatti electricity subgrid, which has been experiencing prolonged power outages. The proposed PHS system is designed to store excess “off-peak” energy during periods of low demand and release it back into the grid during peak hours to mitigate demand surges, stabilize subgrid performance, and reduce outage frequency. Using hourly generation and load data from 2024, the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for the PHS system is calculated at $303.5/MWh, excluding Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) impacts and the carbon cost CCO2.This value is cost-competitive with Brack Alshatti’s current peak-hour electricity cost of $231/MWh generated from gas-fired power plants. When the social cost of carbon is included based on 0.0378 ton CO₂/MWh at $50/ton along with LCA impacts, the LCOE increases to $264.3/MWh, capturing both environmental and societal externalities associated with power plant operation. The Net Present Cost (NPC) of the PHS system, assuming a reservoir storage capacity of 589,959 MWh, is estimated at $3,875,000 over a 60-year project life using an 8% discount rate and 2% inflation rate. Operationally, the system provides an annual energy throughput of 16,477 MWh, effectively managing 3,998 MWh of surplus energy during off-peak hours and offsetting 2,608 MWh of shortages during peak hours. On average, the PHS system exports 0.0378 MWh/hour to the grid during high-demand periods, resulting in an estimated 15% reduction in annual fuel consumption at local power stations. With an expected round-trip efficiency of 80%, the PHS system demonstrates strong capability to accommodate the variability of energy demand and supply across Brack.
Evaluation of Glycemic and Lipid Profiles Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Derna City - Libya
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is linked to inadequate glycemic and lipid regulation, which can lead to severe long-term complications. This study aimed to assess the glycemic (HbA1c, FBG) and lipid (LDL, HDL, TG) profiles among T2DM individuals in Derna, Libya, and investigate their relationships with demographic characteristics and smoking patterns. A cross-sectional investigation was performed on sixty-one adult T2DM individuals in March 2025, with data examined using correlation, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression to evaluate the variables. The presented results indicate that 68.3% of subjects had inadequate glycemic control (HbA1c >7%). Additionally, dyslipidemia was quite prevalent, with elevated TG in 58.3% and LDL in 81.7%. There was a substantial, statistically significant correlation between HbA1c and FBG (r=0.72), BMI (r=0.45), and LDL (r=0.38). Furthermore, elevated HbA1c values were substantially associated with smoking and lower educational achievement (p < 0.05). Regression analysis identified FBG, BMI, and smoking as independent predictors of HbA1c, highlighting the multi-factorial nature of metabolic control. The study's conclusion emphasizes the high prevalence of poor glycemic and lipid control in this population as well as the significant impact of sociodemographic factors and lifestyle modifications. In comparable resource-constrained settings, combining patient-focused therapies with biochemical evaluation is recommended to enhance overall diabetes management.
The Role of Roasting and Fermentation in Enhancing the Functional and Technological Properties of Oat Grains and its Flour
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of both fermentation and roasting on the functional properties of oat grains and its flour. Wheat dough volume enriched with fermented and roasted oat flour were also measured. Oat grains were roasted at 250ºC for 20 min, and they were milled to obtain roasted oat flour. These roasting conditions were selected after testing three different temperatures (150, 200, and 250ºC) for three other times (10, 20, 30 min), to identify the optimal condition based on the highest total dietary fiber content. Fermentation was carried out by mixing oat flour with 2.5% of baker's yeast and fermented for 2.5h. Thereafter, the fermented flour was dried at 40ºC until reaching a safe moisture level (10-12%). Then the fermented dough re-milled to have fermented oat flour. Both roasted and fermented oat flours were incorporated into white wheat flour at levels of 10, 20, 30, and 40% and dough volume was measure as an indicator of the dough strength. The study also evaluated the alterations occurs in the functional properties of oat flour as a result of roasting and fermentation, included water and oil holding capacity, swelling power, solubility, and foaming capacity. The results showed that fermented oats recorded the highest values ​​of water and oil holding capacity, solubility, and foam formation and stability. While, roasted oat flour recorded the highest value of swelling capacity. The highest dough volume was found at a 30% addition rate of fermented and roasted oat flour. As for the dough containing raw oats, its highest volume was recorded at an addition rate of 20%. Thus, it was noted that both roasting and fermentation processes were effective in improving the functional and technological properties of oat flour.
Towards an Enhanced Approach for Big Data Requirement Generation Based on the KAOS Model: A Case Study of Electronic Health Records in Benghazi-Libya
Problem statement: Big data systems face a challenge in the requirements engineering phase, given that the nature of their data differs from that of traditional systems. They include structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data, come from multiple sources, and are characterized by the 5Vs (volume, variety, velocity, veracity, and value). Despite increasing research efforts, there is still a lack of a comprehensive framework for managing the requirements of big data systems across their various engineering stages, making their development a complex process. Methodology: The study proposed an approach for generating big data requirements based on the KAOS model, with the aim of organizing and analysing requirements in a systematic manner. The proposed approach was applied through a case study on the electronic health records (EHR) system in Benghazi and evaluated through a questionnaire involving 100 participants who are specialists in the field to assess the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed methodology. The questionnaire was not just a series of questions; the proposed approach was presented to participants, who were then given the opportunity to express their opinions about it. Findings: The survey results showed that participants had positive impressions of the quality of the proposed approach and its suitability for big data applications. Participants indicated that the approach could be adopted in the future as an effective tool for improving the quality of the requirements engineering process in big data environments. Contribution: This study contributes to filling a knowledge gap in the field of requirements engineering for big data systems by: presenting an applied approach based on the KAOS model for requirements generation; integrating theoretical and practical aspects through a real-world application in the health sector; and providing a quantitative evaluation mechanism to measure the acceptability and quality of the proposed approach. Limitation: The approach was applied to only one area (electronic health records), leaving room to try the proposed approach in other areas so that its results can be more widely disseminated. Furthermore, the approach focused only on the requirements generation process as a supporting approach to the requirements engineering phase, which includes other activities such as requirements documentation, verification, and management.
Quality of E-banking Services Impact on Customer Satisfaction: study on the banking sector in Libya
Due to the explosive growth of the Internet and the globalization of the market, organizations are trying to draw customers on the violent competitive electronic market. Offering highly qualified electronic services is the only way to achieve a competitive advantage on the market. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine how customer satisfaction is influenced by the quality of e-banking services. A total of 350 surveys were distributed among bank customers in the Libyan banking sector, 280 usable questionnaires were collected and analyzed, and the modeling of the structural equation with SPSS and AMOS (23) were used to analyze the collected data. The results show that all dimensions of the quality of e-banking services namely ease of use, efficiency, reliability, security and privacy, and responsiveness and communication, all have a significant connection with the customer's satisfaction, with security and privacy that have lower effects and reliability is the dimension with the strongest influence. This research provides important recommendations that aim to support assisting the bank in improving the quality of its electronic banking services.
Determination of Clinical Characteristics and Complications of COVID-19 Patients Isolated at Brack General Hospital: A Descriptive Analytical Study
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to global health systems, exposing critical gaps in regional preparedness and clinical understanding. In Libya, where reliable clinical data remain scarce, this descriptive-analytical study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics and systemic complications among COVID-19 patients isolated at Brak General Hospital in southern Libya. The study included a sample of 100 patients whose data were analyzed using a descriptive methodology with SPSS software. The findings revealed that males constituted the majority of cases (67%), and the most commonly reported symptoms were fever (89%), fatigue (79%), and dyspnea 74% Furthermore, 75% of patients had underlying chronic conditions, primarily diabetes and hypertension. A statistically significant correlation was identified between the number of comorbidities and the severity of complications, including increased rates of thrombotic events, respiratory and renal failure, and mortality. No significant association was found between patient gender and clinical outcomes. The study concluded with the recommendation to develop targeted diagnostic and treatment protocols for high-risk groups and to enhance isolation centers in resource-limited settings. It also emphasized the need to incorporate key clinical indicators such as coagulation status and renal function into the initial assessment of patients, and called for further region-specific epidemiological research.
Investigation of Expired Esomeprazole's Effectiveness as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Brass in Gabraun Water
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Esomeprazole as an inhibitor for Brass corrosion in Gabraun water. Brass is an ideal alloy for transporting water through pipes and fittings and is also suitable for use in marine engines and pump parts. The tests were conducted at room temperature, using Gabraun water as the electrolyte. The weight loss method was employed, and both open and closed systems were used for the testing. Results indicated that the weights of all specimens, both with and without the inhibitor, decreased after the tests. The lowest corrosion rate recorded was 0.04139 cm/year for a specimen with an area of 8.545 cm² and an inhibitor amount of 1.5g. Importantly, the color of the Gabraun water did not change, which is attributed to the effect of the inhibitor. However, there was no significant difference in corrosion rates between the specimens tested with the inhibitor and those without it. This suggests that while Esomeprazole is not effective in reducing the corrosion rate of Brass, it does inhibit the reaction between copper (Cu) and sulfate (SO₄). Additionally, Gabraun water proved to be a corrosive medium when used as an electrolyte for Brass testing, which contrasts with the findings of the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI).
Design and Analysis of Massive MIMO Patch Antenna (8x8) In E band Application
A high-gain 8×8 massive MIMO microstrip patch antenna array operating in the E-band frequencies of 80 and 90 GHz was designed, simulated, and analyzed using CST Microwave Studio. The proposed array was fabricated on a Rogers RT/duroid ® 5880 substrate with a thickness of 0.254 mm, selected for its low dielectric loss, stable permittivity, and superior thermal reliability at millimeter- ave frequencies. A wave guide port feed network combined with inset feeding is employed to achieve efficient power distribution and optimal impedance matching across all elements. Simulation results demonstrate excellent performance, with a peak gain of 23.77 dBi, directivity of 24.44 dBi, and reflection coefficient (S11) of –29 dB, indicating strong impedance matching and high radiation efficiency. The proposed antenna exhibits robust structural and electromagnetic stability, making it a strong candidate for next-generation millimeter-wave applications such as high-capacity wireless backhaul, automotive radar, and 5G/6G communication systems.
Effect of Aspergillus Niger Fungal Filtrate on Germination Rate and Seedling Growth of Corn Grains and its Biological Control by Garlic Extracts
In the study, corn grains (Zea mays L.) were used to isolate associated fungi, which were randomly collected from some local markets in Misurata city. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was used as a nutrient medium. The results showed that five fungal genera were obtained, namely Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporium, and Rhizopus sp. The results also showed the dominance of A. niger, with an appearance rate of 33.3% by direct isolation method compared to other fungal species. As for the effect of A. niger filtrate on the germination rate of treated corn grains, it was (10%) compared to the control, which was (96%). As for the effect of the filtrate on the root length, the treated corn grains had a diameter of (2.1 cm) and (1.8 cm), respectively, compared to the control, which was (13 cm) and (6.4 cm), respectively. This is due to the secretion of aflatoxins by the tested fungus A. niger, as shown by the results of our study. Regarding the biological resistance of the fungus with different garlic extracts (alcoholic, concentrated, and aqueous) on the PDA medium, the results showed an effective effect. The alcoholic extract was superior, with an inhibition rate of (78.94%) and an average growth rate of A. niger colony diameter of 1.6 cm. The concentrated extract followed with an inhibition rate of (59.07%) and an average growth rate of A. niger colony diameter of 3.11 cm. The least was the aqueous extract, with an inhibition rate of (51.18%) and a vegetative growth rate of 3.71 cm on the PDA medium, compared to the control, which was 7.6 cm for the tested fungus A. niger. As for the effect of Different garlic extracts on the dry and wet weight of A. niger on PDB medium, where the alcoholic extract also had the highest effect followed by the concentrate and the least of them was the aqueous extract with wet and dry weight (0.365, 0.045), (0.383, 0.119) and (1.458, 0.214) g/dry weight respectively compared to the control (4.461, 0.243) g/dry weight.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fuzia Eltariki, Nouri Al-Tajouri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluating and Improving the Performance of the Main Traffic Intersection in Brack AlShatti City (Roundabout) Using SIDRA Intersection Software
This research aims to evaluate and improve the operational performance of the main intersection in Brack Al-Shatti city (Brack Roundabout), due to the severe traffic congestion, high delay levels, and low level of service (LOS) observed at this location, which negatively affects the overall efficiency of the city's transportation network. The study relied on the collection of accurate field data regarding traffic volumes and the geometric characteristics of the intersection, followed by analysis using the SIDRA Intersection software. This enabled a comprehensive assessment of key performance indicators such as degree of saturation, average delay, queue length, and level of service. Initial results showed that the roundabout (Brak Island) operates at or above its capacity, with very low levels of service reaching LOS F, especially during peak hours. Among the most effective improvements was the widening of approaches and the addition of new lanes at Brack Roundabout, which led to a significant performance improvement. The level of service increased from F to B, the average delay was reduced from 200.6 seconds to 14.5 seconds, and the degree of saturation decreased from 1.225 to 0.955 after the internal expansion of the roundabout. The results highlight the importance of adopting light and effective engineering solutions before resorting to complex traffic control systems, while integrating safety and infrastructure considerations into improvement plans. The study recommends the use of advanced analytical tools such as SIDRA Intersection for assessing the performance of urban intersections, conducting future traffic studies based on projected growth, and implementing an intelligent traffic monitoring system to ensure the sustainability of solutions and achieve maximum operational efficiency of the road network.
Hardware Implementation of Newton-Raphson Method for Nonlinear Stress Estimation
This research aims to develop and implement digital design for computing the uniaxial Cauchy stress of an internally balanced hyperelastic material using the Newton-Raphson (NR) iterative algorithm at a hardware level, such as Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology. FPGA technologies are semiconductor devices which provide a parallel processing technique essential for real-time systems when computational speed is critical. The NR algorithm is investigated based on FPGA to solve the internally balanced equation, which is developed at a high level of abstraction and then implemented using physical instruments to obtain actual data. The NR algorithm is programmed using VHDL language. Then, the design is simulated by ModelSim Intel program. The achieved results using hardware approach are compared with a MATLAB script to verify the functionality of the digital design. The digital system is fully implemented on the Cyclone V FPGA device using the Quartus Intel program. The accuracy and precision of the results obtained at the hardware level are acceptable, within the given threshold, depending on the data type representing the fractional number used for the computation, as well as the resources available, which depend on the FPGA technology used.